{"id":44637,"date":"2023-05-01T08:57:22","date_gmt":"2023-05-01T08:57:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/?p=44637"},"modified":"2023-05-01T08:57:22","modified_gmt":"2023-05-01T08:57:22","slug":"bohdan-hmelnickij-nje-baba-kombi-shume-i-perkedhelur","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/2023\/05\/01\/bohdan-hmelnickij-nje-baba-kombi-shume-i-perkedhelur\/","title":{"rendered":"Bohdan Hmelnickij: Nj\u00eb baba kombi shum\u00eb i p\u00ebrk\u00ebdhelur"},"content":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb syt\u00eb e ukrainasve\u00a0Bohdan Hmelnickij \u00ebsht\u00eb themeluesi i vendit t\u00eb tyre. Kurse p\u00ebr Mosk\u00ebn n\u00eb fakt do t\u00eb ishte heroi i bashkimit t\u00eb perandoris\u00eb n\u00ebn egjid\u00ebn ruse.<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb sheshin Sh\u00ebn Sofia t\u00eb Kievit ngrihet nj\u00eb monument i famsh\u00ebm: statuja me kal\u00eb e atamanit apo e hetmanit (titulll i atribuar kreut t\u00eb kozak\u00ebve, q\u00eb zhvillonte funksione politike dhe ushtarake)\u00a0Bohdan Hmelnickijt (1595 \u2013 1657). Statuja e atamanit kozak q\u00ebndr\u00ebn n\u00eb kryeqytetin e Ukrain\u00ebs s\u00eb \u201ckalor\u00ebsit prej Bronzi\u201d \u2013\u00a0 statuja e Pjetrit t\u00eb Madh (1672 \u2013 1725) \u2013 q\u00ebmdron n\u00eb Sh\u00ebn Pet\u00ebrsburg: nj\u00ebherazi emblem\u00eb e qytetit dhe simbol komb\u00ebtar. Monumenti i Hmelnickijt, vep\u00ebr e shkrimtarit rus Mikhail Mik\u00e9shin (1835 \u2013 1896), e inauguruar n\u00eb 1888 n\u00ebn regjimin carist, mbante n\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij mbishkrimin \u201cP\u00ebr Bohdan Hmelnickijn. Rusia, nj\u00eb dhe e pandar\u00eb\u201d<\/em>. Megjithat\u00eb, rus\u00eb dhe ukrainas nuk e shikonin personazhin me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn logjik\u00eb: p\u00ebr nj\u00ebr\u00ebn pal\u00eb, atamani p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson heroin komb\u00ebtar ukrainas, pararend\u00ebsin e pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb kombit; p\u00ebr pal\u00ebn tjet\u00ebr \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb hero komb\u00ebtar rus, aktor i bashkimit t\u00eb tokave ruse n\u00ebn skeptrin e carit t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Hmelnickij lindi rreth vitit 1595 n\u00eb nj\u00eb familje t\u00eb fisnik\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb ul\u00ebt ortodokse t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs per\u00ebndimore. Babai i tij, oficer n\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb e kozak\u00ebve zaporozhas (apo t\u00eb Niprove), u vra nga tatar\u00ebt apo tartar\u00ebt gjat\u00eb vitit 1620. Bohdan studion n\u00eb Kiev, pra n\u00eb Kolegjin e Jezuit\u00ebve t\u00eb Jaroslavit dhe t\u00eb Lvivit (Leopolit). I hyr\u00eb n\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb kozake, n\u00ebn pages\u00ebn e mbretit t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb, ai merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb fushat\u00eb, gjat\u00eb s\u00eb cil\u00ebs babai i tij mbeti i vrar\u00eb. I kapur rob, ai mbetet n\u00eb burg p\u00ebr 2 vjet pran\u00eb tartar\u00ebve, ku m\u00ebson t\u00eb flas\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn e tyre, si edhe turqishten. Pa shp\u00ebtuar nga t\u00eb af\u00ebrmit e tij, me rikthimin e tij, Bohdan hyn n\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb kozake zaporozhase dhe merr pjes\u00eb n\u00eb fushatat e saj ushtarake kund\u00ebr qyteteve bregdetare osmane dhe, m\u00eb pas, n\u00eb fushatat e kryera nga Polonia kund\u00ebr Moskovis\u00eb dhe Perandoris\u00eb Turke.<\/p>\n

Fati i tij p\u00ebson nj\u00eb kthes\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 1648 kur nj\u00eb fqinj, fisnik polak katolik, duke p\u00ebrfituar nga mungesa e tij, fut n\u00eb dor\u00eb dominimin e tij, duke i sekuestruar t\u00eb shoqen dhe duke i vrar\u00eb t\u00eb birin 10 vje\u00e7ar. Nj\u00eb episod tragjik dhe shembullor i tensioneve etnike, sociale dhe fetare q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkojn\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebn n\u00eb regjimin e Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Dy Kombeve (Mbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Polonis\u00eb dhe Dukatit t\u00eb Madh t\u00eb Lituanis\u00eb). Duke mos arritur t\u00eb siguroj\u00eb drejt\u00ebsi nga autoritetet, Bohdan shkon n\u00eb ekzil me nj\u00eb grup besnik\u00ebsh n\u00eb territorin e zaporozhasve.<\/p>\n

Nga ai moment fillon nj\u00eb rebelim i hapur: njer\u00ebzit e tij sulmojn\u00eb dhe shpartallojn\u00eb garnizonin e ushtris\u00eb mbret\u00ebrore q\u00eb stacionohet n\u00eb rajonin Sitch (k\u00ebshtjell\u00eb, asamb\u00ebe dhe m\u00eb pas kryeqytet informal i kozak\u00ebve t\u00eb Nipros) dhe i shtojn\u00eb kauz\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre kozak\u00ebt e rajonit. I zgjedhur ataman i ushtris\u00eb kozak\u00ebve t\u00eb Zaporozhias m\u00eb 24 janar t\u00eb vitit 1648, Hmelnickij shtr\u00ebngon nj\u00eb aleanc\u00eb me khanin tartar t\u00eb Krimes\u00eb. Midis 21 prillit dhe 16 majit 1648, t\u00eb forcuar nga kalor\u00ebs tartar\u00eb, kozak\u00ebt shkat\u00ebrrojn\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb mbret\u00ebrore polake n\u00eb betej\u00ebn e Uj\u00ebrave t\u00eb Verdh\u00eb (n\u00eb Jovti apo Zhovti Vody n\u00eb af\u00ebrsit\u00eb e Nipros apo Dnieprit, jo larg nga \u00c7erkasia).<\/p>\n

Pasojn\u00eb suksese t\u00eb tjera. Trupat polake munden dhe ushtria e Hmelnickijt zmadhohet, nd\u00ebrsa jehona e dy gjesteve t\u00eb tij shkakton nj\u00eb rebelim t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithsh\u00ebm. N\u00eb muajin shkurt, atamani i madh i Kuror\u00ebs polake, Nikolas apo Mikolaj Poto\u00e7ki (1595 \u2013 1651), shpallet mbret i Polonis\u00eb q\u00eb \u201cnuk ekziston as qytete, as fshatra ku n\u00eb ting\u00ebllojn\u00eb apelet e rebelimit dhe ku jeta e pron\u00ebsit\u00eb e zot\u00ebrinjve dhe e menaxhuesve t\u00eb fondeve bujq\u00ebsore nuk jan\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrc\u00ebnuar\u201d<\/em>. Kudo fshatar\u00ebt u bashkohen kozak\u00ebve apo masakrojn\u00eb zot\u00ebrinjt\u00eb polak\u00eb e hebrenjt\u00eb q\u00eb marrin privatisht t\u00eb ardhurat e qirave t\u00eb tok\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

Masakra t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjakshme (pogrome)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Disa dhjet\u00ebramij\u00ebra hebrenj vdiq\u00ebn gjat\u00eb masakrave: \u201cNe kristian\u00ebt \u2013 shkruan p\u00ebr at\u00eb koh\u00eb nj\u00eb klerik ukrainas \u2013 duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrmbysim dhe t\u2019u v\u00ebm\u00eb flak\u00ebn vendeve tona t\u00eb kultit hebraik gjat\u00eb t\u00eb cilave ju mallkonit kund\u00ebr Zotit: ne duhet t\u2019i sekuestrojm\u00eb sinagogat tona dhe t\u2019i transformojm\u00eb n\u00eb kisha; ne duhet t\u2019ju p\u00ebrz\u00ebm\u00eb nga qytetet dhe nga shtetet tona, pasi armiq t\u00eb Zotit dhe t\u00eb kristian\u00ebve; t\u2019ju kalojm\u00eb n\u00eb tehun e shpat\u00ebs, p\u00ebr t\u2019ju zhdukur me \u00e7do m\u00ebnyr\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb tetorin e 1648 atamani rrethon Lvivin (Leopolin), qytet kryesor n\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebn per\u00ebndimore. Pushtohet k\u00ebshtjella dhe qyteti \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruar t\u00eb paguaj\u00eb nj\u00eb d\u00ebmshp\u00ebrblim. M\u00eb 17 dhjetor Hmelnickij b\u00ebn hyrjen e tij n\u00eb Kiev, q\u00eb e pret si triumfues. Megjith\u00ebse duke ia njohur formalisht sovranitetin mbretit t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb, ai vepron tashm\u00eb si perandor de facto<\/em> i Ukrain\u00ebs ortodokse. Ai negocion nj\u00eb autonomi t\u00eb gjer\u00eb t\u00eb vendit, n\u00eb kuad\u00ebr t\u00eb Republik\u00ebs s\u00eb Dy Kombeve, por mban probleme t\u00eb ndryshme n\u00eb \u201czjarr\u201d: nj\u00ebherazi ai u ofron sh\u00ebrbimet e tij Sulltanit otoman dhe Carit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs. Vitet q\u00eb pasojn\u00eb alternimin e luft\u00ebrave t\u00eb hapura dhe periudhave t\u00eb negociuara me Polonin\u00eb. Negociatat ngecin n\u00eb numrin e efektivave p\u00ebr t\u2019u mbajtur n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb ushtris\u00eb kozake dhe mbi \u00e7\u00ebshtjen fetare \u2013 polak\u00ebt refuzojn\u00eb hyrjen n\u00eb Diet\u00eb e Mitropolitit ortodoks s\u00eb Kievit.<\/p>\n

Fatkeq\u00ebsive t\u00eb luft\u00ebs i shtohen ajo e zis\u00eb s\u00eb buk\u00ebs dhe e murtaj\u00ebs. Tartar\u00ebt e Krimes\u00eb i shtojn\u00eb pla\u00e7kitjet e tyre pavar\u00ebsisht aleanc\u00ebs s\u00eb tyre rrethanore me zaporozhasit. Ndodh q\u00eb edhe hebrenj e polak\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb duart e kozak\u00ebve u shiten tartar\u00ebve dhe p\u00ebrfundojn\u00eb n\u00eb tregun e skellv\u00ebrve t\u00eb Kostandinopoj\u00ebs. N\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, trupat polake pla\u00e7kisin dhe djegin fshatrat e konsideruara rebele. Rajone t\u00eb t\u00ebra shpopullohen nga banor\u00ebt e tyre. N\u00eb Polonin\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, mbreti Gjoni i II Kazimir Vaza (1609 \u2013 1672) rezulton i dob\u00ebsuar nga opozita n\u00eb rritje e manjat\u00ebve dhe e Diet\u00ebs.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Mosk\u00eb, cari Aleksei Mikhajlovi\u00e7 (1629 \u2013 1676), sovrani i dyt\u00eb i dinastis\u00eb Romanov, heziton q\u00eb t\u2019u p\u00ebrgjigjet pozitivisht ofertave t\u00eb Hmelnickijt: kozak\u00ebt zaporozhas konsiderohen prej shum\u00eb koh\u00ebsh si lituan\u00eb apo polak\u00eb sesa si \u201cv\u00ebllez\u00ebr rus\u00eb\u201d, aleanca e tyre me tartar\u00ebt e Krimes\u00eb, armiq t\u00eb lindur t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs, i b\u00ebn edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb dyshimt\u00eb, t\u00eb njohur p\u00ebr mosdisiplin\u00ebn e tyre, ata do t\u00eb b\u00ebheshin n\u00ebnshtetas t\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00eb p\u00ebr syt\u00eb e shtetit super t\u00eb centralizuar dhe autoritar moskovit. Njohja si n\u00ebnshtetas do t\u00eb implikonte ve\u00e7 t\u00eb tjerash hyrjen n\u00eb luft\u00eb t\u00eb hapur me Polonin\u00eb. Do t\u00eb jet\u00eb vet\u00ebm pas bisedimesh t\u00eb gjata q\u00eb car Aleksei merr vendimet e tij: n\u00eb tetorin e vitit 1653 ai mbledh Zemski Sobor<\/em> (Kongresin e Trojeve Ruse q\u00eb p\u00ebrmbledh fisnik\u00ebrin\u00eb, kleri dhe borgjezin\u00eb), q\u00eb i jep miratimin e tij kalimit t\u00eb kozak\u00ebve n\u00ebn autoritetin e carit.<\/p>\n

M\u00eb 8 janarin e 1654 asambleja e ushtris\u00eb kozake zaporozhas, Rada<\/em>, e mbledhur n\u00eb Pereiaslav, 75 kilometra n\u00eb juglindje t\u00eb Kievit, e d\u00ebgjon atamanin q\u00eb avancon nj\u00eb pyetje krejt\u00ebsisht retorike: \u201c\u00cbsht\u00eb m\u00eb mir\u00eb t\u00eb jesh n\u00ebnshtetas i khanit tartar t\u00eb Krimes, i sulltanit osman t\u00eb Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, i mbretit t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb apo i carit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs?<\/em>\u201c. Dy t\u00eb par\u00ebt jan\u00eb basurmans<\/em> (mysliman\u00eb), pra armiq t\u00eb betuar, pavar\u00ebsisht aleanc\u00ebs (apo m\u00eb mir\u00eb arm\u00ebpushimit) t\u00eb p\u00ebrkohsh\u00ebm me tartar\u00ebt. I treti u ka munguar detyrimeve t\u00eb tij prej sovrani. Prandaj asambleja miraton propozimin e Hmelnickijt p\u00ebr t\u2019u vendosur \u201cn\u00ebn dor\u00ebn e lart\u00eb\u201d<\/em> t\u00eb carit ortodoks t\u00eb Lindjes. Argumenti i identitetit fetar ka luajtur me t\u00eb gjith\u00eb pesh\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb \u00e7\u00ebshtje. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb, atamani i b\u00ebn betimin e besnik\u00ebris\u00eb \u201cMadh\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb Tij carit t\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha Rusive dhe pasuesve t\u00eb tij\u201d<\/em>, p\u00ebrball\u00eb ambasador\u00ebve moskovit\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Lindja e Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb Vog\u00ebl<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb momentin e betimit, Hmelnickij u k\u00ebrkon paraprakisht ambasador\u00ebve t\u00eb betohen n\u00eb em\u00ebr t\u00eb carit. Kreu i delegacionit refuzon, pasi nj\u00eb sovran autokrat nuk e b\u00ebn betimin e tij kundrejt nj\u00eb n\u00ebnshtetasi t\u00eb tij dhe k\u00ebshtu do t\u00eb jen\u00eb vet\u00ebm Hmelnickij dhe an\u00ebtar\u00ebt e asambles\u00eb s\u00eb Rad\u00ebs p\u00ebr t\u2019u betuar. N\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim t\u00eb ceremonis\u00eb s\u00eb besnik\u00ebris\u00eb, ambasador\u00ebt i dor\u00ebzojn\u00eb atamanit nj\u00eb let\u00ebr t\u00eb carit, nj\u00eb stem\u00eb, disa arm\u00eb dhe nj\u00eb shapk\u00eb, vul\u00eb e autoritetit q\u00eb i delegohet nga sovrani. Por keqkuptimi ka filluar menj\u00ebher\u00eb: p\u00ebr Hmelinickijn dhe zaporozhasit, kalimi i tyre n\u00ebn sh\u00ebrbimin e carit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb akt konktraktual, q\u00eb i impenjon n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb barabart\u00eb t\u00eb dyja pal\u00ebt; n\u00eb t\u00eb kund\u00ebrt, moskovit\u00ebt b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb impenjim t\u00eb pakusht\u00ebzuar. Autonomia e siguruar nga zaporozhasit, n\u00eb vijim t\u00eb k\u00ebsaj asambleje rezulton p\u00ebr nj\u00ebr\u00ebn pal\u00eb nj\u00eb \u201ctraktat\u201d, nd\u00ebrsa p\u00ebr t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt nj\u00eb l\u00ebshim i thjesht\u00eb privilegjesh t\u00eb revokueshme.<\/p>\n

Pak koh\u00eb m\u00eb pas, cari Aleksei ndryshon titullin e tij: ai nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb m\u00eb \u201cCari i t\u00eb gjitha Rusive (Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb Madhe, Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb bardh\u00eb dhe i Rusis\u00eb s\u00eb Vog\u00ebl)\u201d, por \u201cCari i t\u00eb gjith\u00eb Rusis\u00eb, t\u00eb madhes dhe t\u00eb vogl\u00ebs\u201d; Kievi i shtohet list\u00ebs s\u00eb qyteteve i t\u00eb cilave ai \u00ebsht\u00eb \u201cPrinc i Madh\u201d. Zyrtarisht Ukraina b\u00ebhet \u201cRusia e Vog\u00ebl\u201d: ndryshimi i fjalorit nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb i par\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm apo thjesht i \u201cpafajsh\u00ebm\u201d. Termi Ukrain\u00eb, p\u00ebrcakton nj\u00eb rajon kufitar (i n\u00ebnkuptuar n\u00eb at\u00eb koh\u00eb nga mbret\u00ebria e Polonis\u00eb). Shprehja \u201cRusi e Vog\u00ebl\u201d e p\u00ebrdorur tashm\u00eb m\u00eb par\u00eb, sidomos nga kleri ortodoks, e v\u00eb theksin mbi marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnien me trojet e tjera ruse, si t\u00eb thuash ortodokse dhe sidomos me Rusin\u00eb e Madhe, Rusin\u00eb e bardh\u00eb (Bjellorusin\u00eb) dhe Rusin\u00eb e Vog\u00ebl (Ukrain\u00ebn). Shum\u00eb p\u00ebrpara Pjetrit t\u00eb Madh, Moskovia fillon t\u00eb konsiderohet si nj\u00eb perandori, vokacioni i s\u00eb cil\u00ebs \u00ebsht\u00eb q\u00eb mbledh\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtin skept\u00ebr t\u00eb gjith\u00eb popujt ortodoks\u00eb. Simultanisht, ky ekspansion kontribuon n\u00eb transformimin e kultur\u00ebs ruse: kleri ukrainas mblidhet n\u00eb Mosk\u00eb dhe aty fut influenc\u00ebn e humanizmit t\u00eb Rilindjes s\u00eb vonshme.<\/p>\n

Lufta me Polonin\u00eb ka filluar nga fundi i vitit 1653. Nj\u00eb vit m\u00eb pas ushtria ruso \u2013 kozake pushton Dukatin e Madh t\u00eb Lituanis\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa Polonia p\u00ebson n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebtn koh\u00eb nj\u00eb pushtim suedez n\u00eb veri dhe Mbreti Gjoni i II Kazimir \u00ebsht\u00eb i detyruar t\u00eb arratiset n\u00eb Silezo. Shum\u00eb shpejt Rusia ndodhet p\u00ebrball\u00eb Rusis\u00eb, kund\u00ebr t\u00eb cil\u00ebs hyn n\u00eb luft\u00eb m\u00eb 1656. Ky konfikt i ri e \u00e7on Aleksin t\u00eb hyj\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb koalicion antisuedez dhe t\u00eb k\u00ebrkoj\u00eb nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me Polonin\u00eb: b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr arm\u00ebpushimin e p\u00ebrfunduar n\u00eb Vilnius n\u00eb tetorin e 1656, me t\u00eb cilin Rusia rifiton t\u00eb gjitha territoret e pushtuara m\u00eb par\u00eb. I p\u00ebrjashtuar nga negociatat, Hmelnickij t\u00ebrbohet: ai ka luftuar p\u00ebr carin e Mosk\u00ebn dhe humbet papritmas, me nj\u00eb firm\u00eb, t\u00eb gjitha pushtimet e kryera n\u00eb per\u00ebndim t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs. Ai i drejtohet Suedis\u00eb, duke e rinovuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb strategjin\u00eb e p\u00ebrmbysjes s\u00eb aleancave q\u00eb kishte dal\u00eb aq mir\u00eb\u00a0 3 vite m\u00eb par\u00eb, por vdekja e tij, e ndodhur m\u00eb 27 korrik 1657, ka kontribuar t\u00eb shmanget nj\u00eb prishje e hapur me Mosk\u00ebn.<\/p>\n

Fundi i nj\u00eb mirazhi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb rruga e zgjedhjeve, pas t\u00eb birit Juri, q\u00eb zgjedh trash\u00ebgimtari i tij i dyt\u00eb Ivan Vyhovski (fillimet e 1600 \u2013 i vdekur n\u00eb 1664); propolak, ai negocion n\u00eb vitin 1658 nj\u00eb marr\u00ebveshje me Republik\u00ebn e Dy Kombeve q\u00eb do ta b\u00ebnte Ukrain\u00ebn nj\u00eb \u201cprincipat\u00eb t\u00eb madhe ruse\u201d, an\u00ebtar i tret\u00eb i republik\u00ebs s\u00eb sip\u00ebrp\u00ebrmendur, me parimet kushtetuese Mbret\u00ebrin\u00eb e Polonis\u00eb dhe Dukatin e Madh t\u00eb Lituanis\u00eb, por fati i ushtrive do t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktoj\u00eb nj\u00eb konkluziom tjet\u00ebr dhe kozak\u00ebt zaporozhas nuk do t\u00eb ken\u00eb k\u00ebnaq\u00ebsi, as nga Polonia, as nga Rusia. Republika e Dy Kombeve fillon nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb r\u00ebnieje q\u00eb do t\u00eb \u00e7oj\u00eb fillimisht n\u00eb n\u00ebnshtrimin e saj dhe m\u00eb pas n\u00eb zhdukjen e past\u00ebr e t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb nga harta gjeografike (ndarja e vitit 1667). Nga ana e tij, shteti rus ndryshon natyr\u00eb dhe fillon t\u00eb kultivoj\u00eb perspektiva ekspansioniste n\u00eb t\u00eb gjitha drejtimet. Pak e nga pak, kozak\u00ebt i n\u00ebnshtrohen autoritetit t\u00eb Mosk\u00ebs, duke u b\u00ebr\u00eb shum\u00eb shpejt nj\u00eb instrument i thjesht\u00eb i k\u00ebsaj politike.<\/p>\n

Interpretimi i rebelimit t\u00eb Bohdan Hmelnickijt do t\u00eb ndryshoj\u00eb sipas epokave dhe sipas historian\u00ebve. P\u00ebr historiografin\u00eb ukrainase b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb \u201crevolucion \u00e7lirimi komb\u00ebtar\u201d<\/em>. Por ukrainasit ndahen p\u00ebrpara personalitetit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij personazhi emblematik: p\u00ebr shumic\u00ebn ai p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebson pararend\u00ebsin e pavar\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs, por t\u00eb tjer\u00eb e akuzojn\u00eb aleanc\u00ebn e tij me tartar\u00ebt dhe n\u00ebnshtrimin e tij ndaj Mosk\u00ebs. P\u00ebrkundrazi, historian\u00ebt rus n\u00eb carin si edhe ata t\u00eb epok\u00ebs sovjetike, e paraqesin atamanin si heroin e bashkimit t\u00eb trojeve ruse, njeriut q\u00eb ka ia ka ofruar Ukrain\u00ebn Rusis\u00eb (por a jemi pik\u00ebrisht t\u00eb sigurt\u00eb se ky ishte q\u00ebllimi i v\u00ebrtet\u00eb i atamanit?). Ky interpretim promoskovit p\u00ebrb\u00ebn kuptimin fillestar e ngritur n\u00eb Kiev n\u00eb vitit 1888. Historiografia sovjetike \u00ebsht\u00eb shtyr\u00eb akoma edhe m\u00eb p\u00ebrtej: ajo e rivendos rebelimin e 1648 n\u00eb kontekstin e luft\u00ebs s\u00eb klasave dhe e transformon Hmelnickijn n\u00eb nj\u00eb kryetar revolte ukrainase kund\u00ebr feudalizmit polak. S\u00eb fundi, n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim persekutimet antisemite ndaj t\u00eb cilave jan\u00eb aplikuar idhtar\u00ebt e atamanit, ftonin t\u00eb konsiderohej me nj\u00eb shikim kritik imazhi pozitiv i atribuar personazhit.<\/p>\n

T\u00eb gjitha k\u00ebto gjykime jan\u00eb patjet\u00ebr anakronik\u00eb. Hmelnickij, fisnik dhe pronar tokash, preokupohej shum\u00eb pak p\u00ebr bot\u00ebn fshatare dhe sidomos nuk kishte asnj\u00eb q\u00ebllim t\u00eb vinte n\u00eb diskutim rendin social. N\u00eb fillimet e tij, anipse rebel, ai rr\u00ebfehej si shtetas besnik i mbretit t\u00eb Polonis\u00eb. Ka qen\u00eb pamund\u00ebsia p\u00ebr ta siguruar pak\u00ebnaq\u00ebsis\u00ebn e p\u00ebsuar ajo q\u00eb e ka shtyr\u00eb n\u00eb krah\u00ebt e carit. N\u00eb linj\u00eb parimore, atamani do t\u00eb kishte preferuar t\u00eb ishte i varur nga nj\u00eb pushtet i larg\u00ebt, q\u00eb do t\u2019i kishte mund\u00ebsuar nj\u00eb pavar\u00ebsi faktike.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur t\u00eb kuptohet kurr\u00eb n\u00ebse atamani ka kultivuar ndonj\u00ebher\u00eb iden\u00eb e nj\u00eb pavar\u00ebsie t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Nuk ka element\u00eb t\u00eb sigurt\u00eb p\u00ebr ta kuptuar k\u00ebt\u00eb aspekt. Gjith\u00ebsesi, ai aspironte ta b\u00ebnte t\u00eb trash\u00ebguar postin e atamanit brenda familjes s\u00eb tij. Praktikisht duket sikur Hmelnickij nuk kishte plane t\u00eb mirp\u00ebrkufizuara lidhur me k\u00ebt\u00eb dhe se rrethanat pan\u00eb pasur t\u00eb drejt\u00ebn p\u00ebr vullnetin e tij dhe, si\u00e7 ndodh shpesh n\u00eb histori, ngjarjet rezultojn\u00eb shum\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha se aktori kryesor i tyre.<\/p>\n

(nga Storiain<\/em>)<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgatiti<\/strong><\/p>\n

ARMIN TIRANA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u00eb syt\u00eb e ukrainasve\u00a0Bohdan Hmelnickij \u00ebsht\u00eb themeluesi i vendit t\u00eb tyre. Kurse p\u00ebr Mosk\u00ebn n\u00eb fakt do t\u00eb ishte heroi i bashkimit t\u00eb perandoris\u00eb n\u00ebn egjid\u00ebn ruse. N\u00eb sheshin Sh\u00ebn Sofia t\u00eb Kievit ngrihet nj\u00eb monument i famsh\u00ebm: statuja me kal\u00eb e atamanit apo e hetmanit (titulll i atribuar kreut t\u00eb kozak\u00ebve, q\u00eb zhvillonte funksione …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":44638,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-44637","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-kulture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44637","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=44637"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/44637\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/44638"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=44637"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=44637"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=44637"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}