Ka qen\u00eb kriza e madhe ekonomike e 2008 ajo q\u00eb ka zbuluar se Keynes nuk kishte vdekur dhe kallur, si\u00e7 rezultonte n\u00eb fakt (dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb fare m\u00ebnyre \u00ebsht\u00eb akoma sot) p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebn ekonomike zyrtare e m\u00ebsuar n\u00eb universitetet e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb mire t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Nuk ka qen\u00eb e mjaftueshme \u201cnj\u00eb \u00e7erek ore\u201d p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebrmbledhur (dhe m\u00eb pas likuiduar) mendimin e tij, si\u00e7 kishte deklaruar disa koh\u00eb m\u00eb pare nj\u00eb \u00c7mim Nobel q\u00eb jepte m\u00ebsim n\u00eb nj\u00eb prej universiteteve t\u00eb m\u00ebdha amerikane. Nuk b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb vet\u00ebm p\u00ebr nj\u00eb kapitull t\u00eb historis\u00eb s\u00eb mendimit ekonomik t\u00eb \u2018900, nj\u00eb kapitull i hapur dhe i mbyllur n\u00eb harkun e ndonj\u00eb dekade.<\/p>\n
Fatet e alternuara e teoris\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme<\/strong>. Ndoshta nuk ishte as e th\u00ebn\u00eb se \u201ct\u00eb jesh liberal\u201d, n\u00eb kuptimin q\u00eb t\u00eb theksosh gjithmon\u00eb dhe gjith\u00ebsesi se tregu funksionon m\u00eb mir\u00eb se shteti, ndoshta aq e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb sa t\u00eb duhej t\u00eb b\u00ebhej kredoja jo vet\u00ebm e konservator\u00ebve, por edhe e t\u00eb majtave n\u00eb Europ\u00eb e n\u00eb bot\u00eb, si\u00e7 kishin shkruar dy profesor\u00eb t\u00eb d\u00ebgjuar t\u00eb Universitetit Bocconi t\u00eb Milanos. Realiteti e hidhte posht\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb her\u00eb akoma mendimin dominues, si\u00e7 kishte ndodhur t\u00eb nes\u00ebrmen e kriz\u00ebs si 1929, kur radh\u00ebt e gjata e pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve t\u00eb papun\u00eb n\u00eb radh\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb pjat\u00eb supe kishin p\u00ebrmbysur sigurit\u00eb e \u201cnj\u00eb ortodoksie t\u00eb konsoliduar si e par\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme\u201d, si\u00e7 shkroi nobelisti James Tobin m\u00eb 1983, duke kujtuar efektin q\u00eb pati mbi ekonomist\u00ebt e rinj amerikane botimin n\u00eb 1936 e Teoris\u00eb s\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme, t\u00eb interesit dhe t\u00eb monedh\u00ebs<\/em>. Si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb e njohur, apotetoza e influenc\u00ebs s\u00eb Keynes n\u00eb bot\u00ebn e akademis\u00eb dhe n\u00eb politik\u00ebn ekonomike \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur n\u00eb 30 vje\u00e7arin q\u00eb ka pasuar Luft\u00ebn e Dyt\u00eb Bot\u00ebrore, les trente glorieuses ann\u00e9es<\/em>, q\u00eb kan\u00eb sh\u00ebnuar n\u00eb vendet per\u00ebndimore rritjen e t\u00eb ardhurave individuale dhe nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht zgjerimin e instituteve t\u00eb siguris\u00eb sociale dhe duke qen\u00eb se k\u00ebto shoq\u00ebri me fytyr\u00eb njer\u00ebzore aq t\u00ebrheq\u00ebse se t\u00eb \u00e7onte n\u00eb d\u00ebshtim eksperimentet e mb\u00ebshtetura mbi daljen nga kapitalizmi. N\u00eb ato vite, n\u00eb universitete makroekonomia kynesiane ishte nj\u00eb m\u00ebsim i konsoliduar dhe jokontradiktor, nd\u00ebrsa qeveri dhe institucione nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare, nga OCSE tek FMN, tek Komuniteti Ekonomik Europian, e konsideronin armatimin keynesian e politikave monetare dhe fiskale si komponente t\u00eb zakonshme t\u00eb politik\u00ebs ekonomike.<\/p>\n Duke filluar nga vitet \u201970 shfaqja e problemeve t\u00eb reja, si inflacioni dhe stagflacioni, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb bashk\u00ebekzistenca e papun\u00ebsis\u00eb dhe inflacionit, q\u00eb dukej se sfidonte si shpjegimin teorik, ashtu edhe armatimin e politik\u00ebs ekonomike keynesiane, dhe pun\u00ebn me durin intelektuale t\u00eb mendimtar\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb ekonomist\u00ebve t\u00eb kalibrit t\u00eb Friedrich von Hayek e t\u00eb Milton Friedman, kishte sjell\u00eb n\u00eb mod\u00eb ortodoksin\u00eb e shfryt\u00ebzuar nga Keynes me Teorin\u00eb e p\u00ebrgjithshme<\/em>. Nuk dukej luhatja e nj\u00eb lavjerr\u00ebsi, por likuidimi definitiv i nj\u00eb herezie q\u00eb kishte zot\u00ebruar m\u00eb par\u00eb mendjet. N\u00eb 1983, n\u00eb nj\u00eb kuvend n\u00eb 100 vjetorin e lindjes s\u00eb Keynes, Paul Samuelson, q\u00eb kishte qen\u00eb nj\u00eb prej ekomonist\u00ebve keynesian\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb dhe m\u00eb t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm t\u00eb Shteteve t\u00eb Bashkuara, faktikisht e mohonte k\u00ebt\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi: \u201c\u00cbsht\u00eb e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb, thoshte, se tregjet n\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb shkurt\u00ebr nuk funksionojn\u00eb mir\u00eb dhe nd\u00ebrhyrjet e politik\u00ebs ekonomike mund t\u00eb ken\u00eb efekte t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme p\u00ebr nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, ama gjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre koh\u00ebve njer\u00ebzit e m\u00ebsojn\u00eb me shpejt\u00ebsi dhe fitoret e lehta keynesiane jan\u00eb nj\u00eb \u00e7mim prapa krah\u00ebve tona\u201d. Dhe n\u00eb fakt, 25 vite m\u00eb pas, shp\u00ebrthimi i kriz\u00ebs s\u00eb 2008 e detyronte Samuelson n\u00eb nj\u00eb korrigjim t\u00eb m\u00ebtejsh\u00ebm kursi, aq sa p\u00ebr t\u00eb pohuar: \u201cShkaku i kriz\u00ebs m\u00eb t\u00eb keqe financiare t\u00eb 100 viteve t\u00eb fundit \u00ebsht\u00eb ajp q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb l\u00ebn\u00eb t\u00eb l\u00ebvizet pafre kapitalizmi libertar i laissez-faire t\u00eb Friedman \u2013 Hayek [\u2026]. K\u00ebta dy burra kan\u00eb vdekur, por trash\u00ebgimia e helmuar e tyre vazhdon t\u00eb jetoj\u00eb\u201d.<\/p>\n Rikthmi i madh i instrumentave keynesian\u00eb<\/strong>. 2008 sh\u00ebnon k\u00ebshtu fundin e predominimit t\u00eb rinovuar t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb ortodokse dhe pandemia e 2020 \u2013 2021 ja ka dekretuar m\u00eb tej per\u00ebndimin, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket politikave ekonomike, monetare dhe fiskale. Pas 30 vje\u00e7arit t\u00eb lavdish\u00ebm keynesian dhe pas 30 vje\u00e7arit t\u00eb m\u00ebpas\u00ebm t\u00eb karakterizuar nga nga tronditja e ortodoksis\u00eb, bota e politik\u00ebs, e ekonomis\u00eb dhe e financ\u00ebs sot e di q\u00eb tregu nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje ta abrogoj\u00eb rrezikun e pasigurin\u00eb dhe se fluktuimet ekonomike jan\u00eb pjes\u00eb e pashmangshme e tregut, ashtu si\u00e7 jan\u00eb instrumentat e politik\u00ebs ekonomike t\u00eb p\u00ebrpunuara nga Keynes pik\u00ebrisht p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur parasysh k\u00ebt\u00eb t\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb faktike. P\u00ebr hir t\u00eb s\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00ebs m\u00ebsimi universitar ka mbetur pakashum\u00eb n\u00eb ato vite t\u00eb ortodoksis\u00eb. Dyshoj se n\u00eb universitete jan\u00eb v\u00ebn\u00eb m\u00ebnjan\u00eb modelet matematikore t\u00eb batuara mbi njohjen e p\u00ebrkryer t\u00eb s\u00eb ardhmes dhe funksionimin e plot\u00eb t\u00eb tregjeve. Nuk ka pasur n\u00eb nivel akademik nj\u00eb \u201cRikthim tek m\u00ebsuesi\u201d (p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur titullin e nj\u00eb libri t\u00eb Robert Skidelsky p\u00ebr Keynes) n\u00eb kuptimin e v\u00ebrtet\u00eb t\u00eb fjal\u00ebs. Ka ndodhur n\u00eb fakt rikthimi i plot\u00eb tek idet\u00eb e Keynes dhe t\u00eb instrumentave t\u00eb politik\u00ebs ekonomike q\u00eb rrjedhin nga ide n\u00eb politikat ekonomike e qeverive dhe t\u00eb bankave qendrore.<\/p>\n \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb, n\u00eb mos realizimi i nj\u00eb qasjeje keynesiane, politika e interesave t\u00eb ul\u00ebta apo deri negative e inaguruar nga bankat qendrore pas kriz\u00ebs s\u00eb 2008? \u00c7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb quantitative easing<\/em>? Dhe nga \u00e7far\u00eb frym\u00ebzohen vendimet n\u00eb Shtetet e Bashkuara mbi programet e m\u00ebdha t\u00eb shpenzimeve publike n\u00eb deficite t\u00eb miratuara nga Joe Biden? \u00c7far\u00eb do t\u00eb thot\u00eb n\u00eb Europ\u00eb pezullimi i Paktit t\u00eb Stabilitetit gjat\u00eb pandemis\u00eb dhe \u00e7far\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb Next Generation EU p\u00ebrve\u00e7se jo nj\u00eb nj\u00eb politik\u00eb ekonomike e besuar mb\u00ebshtetjes s\u00eb shpenzimeve publike n\u00eb deficit? Dometh\u00ebn\u00eb, Keynes \u00ebsht\u00eb kthyer, n\u00eb mos n\u00eb versionin teorik, sigurisht n\u00eb frym\u00ebzimin praktik, si nj\u00eb grup instrumentash monetare dhe fiskale tek t\u00eb cilat banka qendrore dhe qeveri jan\u00eb t\u00eb gatshme q\u00eb t\u00eb drejtohen n\u00eb rasin kur ekonomit\u00eb vuajn\u00eb nga n\u00ebnpun\u00ebsimi dhe kan\u00eb v\u00ebshtir\u00ebsi t\u00eb ringrihen. Jo rast\u00ebsisht, t\u00eb nes\u00ebrmen e shp\u00ebrthimit t\u00eb pandemis\u00eb s\u00eb Covid-19, n\u00eb nj\u00eb artikull t\u00eb dal\u00eb tek Financial Times<\/em>, Mario Draghi fillimisht ka shkruar se ishte e nevojshme p\u00ebr bankat qendrore dhe p\u00ebr qeverit\u00eb t\u2019i p\u00ebrdornin plot\u00ebsisht instrumentat e politik\u00ebs ekonomike kenyesiane. Sot duhet t\u00eb b\u00ebhen ende hesapet me pandemin\u00eb. Ajo shkakton nj\u00eb kriz\u00eb dyfishe: nj\u00eb kriz\u00eb t\u00eb ofert\u00ebs dhe nj\u00eb kriz\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs t\u00eb nd\u00ebrthurura midis tyre. mbylljet e imponuara nga nevoja p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00ebn kontroll p\u00ebrhapjen e s\u00ebmundjes bllokojn\u00eb ofert\u00ebn, por kjo pasqyrohet edhe mbi t\u00eb ardhurat e pun\u00ebtor\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb bizneseve dhe kjo, nga ana e saj, sjell nj\u00eb kriz\u00eb t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. Dalja nga kriza e pandemis\u00eb sjell rekursin si n\u00eb politikat monetare, ashtu edhe n\u00eb ato fiskale, n\u00eb nj\u00eb kombinim q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paksa ndryshe nga ajo q\u00eb do t\u00eb adoptohej n\u00eb rastin e nj\u00eb fluktuimi t\u00eb \u201cthjesht\u00eb\u201d t\u00eb k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. B\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb p\u00ebr ravij\u00ebzimin e nj\u00eb politike ekonomike q\u00eb i ka bashk\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjet si nga ana e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs, ashtu edhe nga ajo e ofert\u00ebs.<\/p>\n Paradoksi i sot\u00ebm: Rifillimi me konsume t\u00eb ul\u00ebta<\/strong>. Por ka m\u00eb tep\u00ebr,\u00a0 shum\u00eb m\u00eb tep\u00ebr. Analizat e dala n\u00eb k\u00ebto muaj na thon\u00eb se nga krizat mund t\u00eb dilet vet\u00ebm me vet\u00ebm me nj\u00eb transformim shum\u00eb t\u00eb thell\u00eb t\u00eb sistemit prodhues, pasi nd\u00ebrkoh\u00eb jan\u00eb shkokolepsur nyjet e kushtit energjitiko \u2013 mjedisor dhe pamb\u00ebshtetshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e modelit ekonomik tradicional dhe pse \u00ebsht\u00eb ngritur nevoja e transformimit n\u00eb kuptimin dixhital t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb. K\u00ebshtu, kriza ekonomike q\u00eb i detyrohet Covid-19 k\u00ebrkon nga nj\u00ebra an\u00eb politika mb\u00ebshtet\u00ebse ndaj k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs, t\u00eb zbatuara me instrumenta keynesiane, ashtu edhe n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet politikave monetare, ashtu edhe n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet financ\u00ebs publike, por nga ana tjet\u00ebr postulon nj\u00eb transformim t\u00eb thell\u00eb t\u00eb sistemeve ekonomike p\u00ebr t\u2019ua p\u00ebrshtatur kushteve dhe nevojave t\u00eb sotme dhe t\u00eb nes\u00ebrme. Do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb nj\u00eb v\u00ebmendje e ve\u00e7ant\u00eb ndaj shpenzimeve sh\u00ebndet\u00ebsore. Do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbejn\u00eb investime n\u00eb ekonomin\u00eb dixhitale. Do t\u00eb sh\u00ebrbej\u00eb nj\u00eb transformim n\u00eb kuptimin e energjive t\u00eb gjelb\u00ebra dhe t\u00eb rinovueshme t\u00eb aktiviteteve t\u00eb prodhimit dhe t\u00eb konsumit. Sh\u00ebrben n\u00eb thelb nj\u00eb program i madh investimesh. Ky program investimesh mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebj\u00eb n\u00eb vet\u00ebvete p\u00ebrgjigjen ndaj problemit t\u00eb papun\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb gjeneruar nga Covid-19 si nga ana e ofert\u00ebs, ashtu edhe nga ana e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs. Ama jo n\u00eb fakt nga problemi i konsumeve.<\/p>\n \u00c7\u00ebshtja \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebto terma: mund t\u00eb imagjinojm\u00eb t\u00eb kthehemi me shpejt\u00ebsi ne nivelet e pun\u00ebsimit para-Covid-19 apo ndoshta \u2013 p\u00ebr vende si Italia, q\u00eb t\u00ebrhiqen prej koh\u00ebsh nivele papun\u00ebsie \u201cstrukturore\u201d \u2013 mund edhe t\u00eb imagjinojm\u00eb t\u00eb riabsorbojm\u00eb papun\u00ebsin\u00eb e m\u00ebparshme dhe t\u00eb arrijm\u00eb n\u00eb pun\u00ebsim t\u00eb plot\u00eb. Do t\u00eb duhet koh\u00eb, por mund t\u2019ia dilet. Por p\u00ebrball\u00eb k\u00ebtij pun\u00ebsimi, \u00e7far\u00eb mallrash t\u00eb do prodhohen? Do t\u00eb vijn\u00eb produkte konsumi q\u00eb do t\u00eb k\u00ebnaqin k\u00ebrkes\u00ebn e ardhur nga pun\u00ebtor\u00ebt e pun\u00ebsuar? Apo do t\u00eb vijn\u00eb produkte apo do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb jemi mallra investimi t\u00eb nevojshme p\u00ebr transformimin dixhital apo rrethor t\u00eb ekonomive tona? Dhe n\u00ebse kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb situata, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00ebse p\u00ebr nj\u00eb koh\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrballojm\u00eb nj\u00eb caktim t\u00eb madh resursesh jo p\u00ebr prodhimin e mallrave t\u00eb konsumit, por n\u00eb at\u00eb t\u00eb mallrave t\u00eb investimit, at\u00ebhere mund t\u00eb kemi paradoksin e ekonomive q\u00eb punojn\u00eb me rit\u00ebm t\u00eb plot\u00eb, paguajn\u00eb rroga apo t\u00eb ardhura m\u00eb t\u00eb larta se n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn dhe bile duhet t\u00eb garantojn\u00eb t\u00eb prodhojn\u00eb mallra konsumi n\u00eb sasi m\u00eb t\u00eb vogla se n\u00eb t\u00eb kaluar\u00ebn. N\u00eb thelb, mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrcaktojn\u00eb nj\u00eb kusht ku ekonomia punon me rit\u00ebm t\u00eb plot\u00eb, por nuk lsht\u00eb e mundur t\u00eb furnizojn\u00eb mallra konsumi q\u00eb me at\u00eb rit\u00ebm prodhimi ekonomia do t\u00eb tentonte spontanisht t\u00eb k\u00ebrkonte.<\/p>\n Ja nj\u00eb problem i ri apo ndoshta i lasht\u00eb q\u00eb meriton q\u00eb shyrtohet dhe diskutohet. Nj\u00eb problem i v\u00ebshtir\u00eb pasi zgjidhja e tij nuk mund t\u2019u besohet mekanizmave t\u00eb tregut apo vet\u00ebm atyre dhe sepse kjo ngre probleme t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira politike. Le t\u2019i shqyrtojm\u00eb ndarazi t\u00eb dy aspektet. N\u00eb planin ekonomik, si\u00e7 \u00ebsht\u00eb th\u00ebn\u00eb, duhet qeverisur jo vet\u00ebm dinamika komplesive e t\u00eb ardhurave n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb q\u00eb t\u00eb mos shkaktojn\u00eb presione inflacioniste: duhet vepruar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb till\u00eb q\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebrja e k\u00ebrkes\u00ebs s\u00eb shprehur nga k\u00ebto t\u00eb ardhura i korrespondon kushtit t\u00eb ofert\u00ebs q\u00eb e konsiderojm\u00eb t\u00eb domoshme. Por ky problem ka nj\u00eb kthes\u00eb politike komplekse pasi n\u00eb thelb, duke th\u00ebn\u00eb se mund ta b\u00ebjm\u00eb sistemin t\u00eb funksionoj\u00eb me okupim t\u00eb plot\u00eb, por nuk mund t\u00eb garantojm\u00eb se prodhimi ka kompozim q\u00eb natyrisht ai do t\u00eb b\u00ebnte sikur t\u00eb gjith\u00eb t\u00eb ishin t\u00eb lir\u00eb t\u00eb shpenzonin si\u00e7 t\u00eb donim, le t\u00eb themi se se duhet t\u00eb imponojm\u00eb nj\u00eb zgjedhje nd\u00ebrkohore q\u00eb avatazhon gjeneratat e ardhshme dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb far\u00eb kuptimi, n\u00ebse nuk d\u00ebmton, sigurisht q\u00eb kufizon mund\u00ebsit\u00eb e konsumit e gjeneratave bashk\u00ebkohore. Si i b\u00ebhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrballohet ky problem?<\/p>\n P\u00ebrgjigja mund t\u00eb jet\u00eb politika e t\u00eb ardhurave<\/strong>. Ja q\u00eb refpeksioni mbi transformimin e ekonomive t\u00eb imponuara si nga pandemia, ashtu edhe nga nevojat e mjedisit, nga nevojat e imponuara nga progresi teknologjik b\u00ebhet nj\u00eb refleksion politik. Si i b\u00ebhet t\u00eb drejtohet nj\u00eb shoq\u00ebri e lir\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebto drejtime? Nj\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigje q\u00eb u dha 50 vite m\u00eb par\u00eb p\u00ebr nj\u00eb problem ndryshe, por me ndonj\u00eb karakter t\u00eb ngjash\u00ebm, u quajt \u201cpolitika e t\u00eb ardhurave\u201d. Ishte nj\u00eb politik\u00eb e prirur p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbajtur n\u00ebn kontroll dinamik\u00ebn e \u00e7mimeve t\u00eb brendshme n\u00eb raport me ecurin\u00eb e \u00e7mimeve nd\u00ebrkomb\u00ebtare. Por qysh at\u00ebhere ndodhi q\u00eb u kap nj\u00eb aspekt m\u00eb kompleks t\u00eb problemit: dometh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb kontradikt\u00eb e mundshme midis kompozimit t\u00eb prodhimit midis mallrave t\u00eb konsumit dhe t\u00eb investimit t\u00eb p\u00ebrshtatur ndaj nevojave t\u00eb periudh\u00ebs afatmesme t\u00eb ekonomis\u00eb dhe p\u00ebrb\u00ebrjes n\u00eb vend se t\u00eb prodhimit q\u00eb do t\u00eb rridhte nga liria e caktimit si duhet i t\u00eb ardhur\u00ebs t\u00ebnde. Shoq\u00ebrit\u00eb pranojn\u00eb \u2013 megjith\u00ebse pad\u00ebshir\u00eb \u2013 se nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e t\u00eb ardhur\u00ebs merret nga shteti prball\u00eb shpenzimeve p\u00ebr prodhimin e t\u00eb ardhurave kolektive. Por p\u00ebrtej k\u00ebsaj, cilat konsume do t\u00eb reduktohen dhe cilat shtresa do t\u00eb duhet t\u2019i reduktojn\u00eb konsumet e tyre p\u00ebr t\u2019u b\u00ebr\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb investimeve t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuara nga transformimi i ekonomive?<\/p>\n Kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb problematika ekonomike dhe politike q\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb paraqitur nga gjendja aktuale e ekonomive pas Covid-19. Ka nj\u00eb shkrim t\u00eb Keynes t\u00eb vitit 1940 q\u00eb p\u00ebrmban nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjigjes s\u00eb mundur dhe q\u00eb nevojitet k\u00ebshtu t\u00eb rivihet n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb v\u00ebmendjes. N\u00eb lib\u00ebrthin How to Pay for the War<\/em> t\u00eb botuar n\u00eb shkurtin e 1940 Keynes thekson se p\u00ebr t\u00eb financuar shpenzimet e luft\u00ebs mund t\u2019i drejtohesh p\u00ebrtej marrjes fiskale edhe nj\u00eb mekanizmi t\u00eb konceptuar prej tij t\u00eb shtyrjes s\u00eb pagave. Do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej fjal\u00eb t\u00eb njiheshin perceptuesit e t\u00eb ardhurave t\u00eb thirrur p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontribuar n\u00eb koston e luft\u00ebs titullin e nj\u00eb rimbursimi n\u00eb p\u00ebrfundim t\u00eb konfliktit. Ishte n\u00eb thelb paraprirja e ideve t\u00eb politikabe t\u00eb t\u00eb ardhurave q\u00eb nuk kan\u00eb pasur fat n\u00eb vitet e pasluft\u00ebs, por q\u00eb mund t\u00eb riparaqiten si t\u00eb nevojshme kur ndodhesh p\u00ebrball\u00eb nevoj\u00ebs s\u00eb nj\u00eb transformimi strukturor t\u00eb ekonomive tona. Bind t\u00eb kthehesh s\u00ebrish tek ky propozim keynesian dhe t\u00eb vler\u00ebsohet n\u00ebse dhe n\u00eb \u00e7far\u00eb mase mund t\u2019u p\u00ebrshtatet problemeve q\u00eb duhet t\u00eb p\u00ebrballojm\u00eb. N\u00eb koh\u00ebn e tij nj\u00eb studiues i shquar italian i ekonomis\u00eb, Giorgio Lunghini, i vdekur p\u00ebrpara kohe, foli p\u00ebr mendimin kenyesian si \u201cnj\u00eb trash\u00ebgimi e shtrir\u00eb\u201d. Ja, sakt\u00ebsisht p\u00ebr k\u00ebt\u00eb b\u00ebhet fjal\u00eb. Shkrimet e Keynes p\u00ebrmbajn\u00eb mjesht\u00ebrime t\u00eb \u00e7muara q\u00eb pjes\u00ebrisht jan\u00eb kuptuar dhe p\u00ebrdorur; megjithat, pjes\u00ebrisht, duhet ende t\u00eb kuptohen deri n\u00eb fund dhe t\u00eb p\u00ebrdoren p\u00ebr t\u00eb p\u00ebrballuar problemet e shoq\u00ebrive tona.<\/p>\n (Giorgio La Malfa p\u00ebr Aspen Institute<\/em>)<\/p>\n P\u00ebrgatiti<\/strong><\/p>\n ARMIN TIRANA<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Ka qen\u00eb kriza e madhe ekonomike e 2008 ajo q\u00eb ka zbuluar se Keynes nuk kishte vdekur dhe kallur, si\u00e7 rezultonte n\u00eb fakt (dhe n\u00eb nj\u00eb fare m\u00ebnyre \u00ebsht\u00eb akoma sot) p\u00ebr shkenc\u00ebn ekonomike zyrtare e m\u00ebsuar n\u00eb universitetet e nj\u00eb pjese t\u00eb mire t\u00eb bot\u00ebs. Nuk ka qen\u00eb e mjaftueshme \u201cnj\u00eb \u00e7erek ore\u201d p\u00ebr …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":53415,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53414","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-kulture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53414","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53414"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53414\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/53415"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53414"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53414"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53414"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}