{"id":54893,"date":"2023-08-30T11:46:05","date_gmt":"2023-08-30T11:46:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/?p=54893"},"modified":"2023-08-30T11:46:05","modified_gmt":"2023-08-30T11:46:05","slug":"keshtu-franca-ka-humbur-sahelin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/2023\/08\/30\/keshtu-franca-ka-humbur-sahelin\/","title":{"rendered":"K\u00ebshtu Franca ka humbur Sahelin"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebr antropologun Jean \u2013 Loup Amselle kategoria q\u00eb tregon vendet subsahariane \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpikje koloniale. Parisi atje lart ka gabuar gjith\u00e7ka: \u00abDo t\u00eb mbesin amerikan\u00ebt dhe nj\u00eb elit\u00eb oprtuniste, n\u00eb nj\u00eb klim\u00eb armiq\u00ebsore ndaj demokracis\u00eb. Grushti i shtetit n\u00eb Niger e demonstron mir\u00eb\u00bb.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Epoka e Fran\u00e7afrique <\/em>\u00abp\u00ebrfundon tani\u00bb, me grushtin e shtetit t\u00eb fundit n\u00eb Niger, at\u00eb t\u00eb 26 korrikut t\u00eb kaluar. \u00abSikur Emmanuel Macron t\u00eb ishte m\u00eb inteligjent, do ta kapte k\u00ebt\u00eb pasazh p\u00ebr t\u00eb eliminuar gjurm\u00ebt e s\u00eb kaluar\u00ebs koloniale: bazat ushtarake dhe \u201cfrangun afrikan\u201d t\u00eb adoptuar nga Nigeri dhe nga shtete t\u00eb tjera\u00bb. N\u00eb \u00e7do rast, ushtar\u00ebt e Parisit \u00abdo t\u00eb jen\u00eb t\u00eb detyruar ta l\u00ebn\u00eb vendin\u00bb. N\u00eb Sahel \u00abdo t\u00eb mbesin amerikan\u00ebt dhe nj\u00eb elit\u00eb politiko \u2013 kulturore cinike dhe oprtuniste, n\u00eb nj\u00eb klim\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme armiq\u00ebsore p\u00ebr demokracin\u00eb\u00bb. 81 vje\u00e7ari Jean-Loup Amselle, antropolog, \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb prej ekspert\u00ebve m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdhenj t\u00eb historis\u00eb dhe kultur\u00ebs afrikane, me nj\u00eb specializim n\u00eb Mali. Drejtor k\u00ebrkimi i merituar i EHESS (Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales) t\u00eb Prisit, \u00ebsht\u00eb edhe nj\u00eb prej protagonist\u00ebve t\u00eb debatit politiko \u2013 kulturor. Dhe jo vet\u00ebm n\u00eb Franc\u00eb. Libri i tij i ri do t\u00eb dal\u00eb n\u00eb Itali m\u00eb 8 shtator p\u00ebr sht\u00ebpin\u00eb botuese Meltemi: Shpikja e Sahelit. Narrativ\u00eb dominuese dhe nd\u00ebrtim i tjetrit<\/em>. \u00abLa Lettura\u00bb e ka takuar n\u00eb Paris: nj\u00eb kafe n\u00eb Marais dhe nj\u00eb or\u00eb bised\u00eb.<\/p>\n

Kush e ka shpikur Sahelin?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb fjal\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb arabisht do t\u00eb thot\u00eb \u201cbreg\u201d. Por mendimtar\u00ebt arab\u00eb t\u00eb Mesjet\u00ebs nuk e kan\u00eb p\u00ebrdorur kurr\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb term. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpikje e k\u00ebrkuesve francez\u00eb, t\u00eb epok\u00ebs s\u00eb kolonizimit. I pari q\u00eb e p\u00ebrdori k\u00ebt\u00eb fjal\u00eb qe botanisti Auguste Chevalier, q\u00eb midis viteve 1899 dhe 1900 p\u00ebrshkoi rajonin q\u00eb shkon nga Senegal n\u00eb Burkina Faso. Me studimet e tij individualizoi tre zona mbi baz\u00ebn e kritereve bioklimaterike, sidomos intensitetit t\u00eb shirave: Sahel, Sudan dhe Guinea\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Por sot Saheli \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb kategori gjeopolitike. Si \u00ebsht\u00eb arritur deri k\u00ebtu?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abN\u00eb fillimet e \u2018900 jan\u00eb akoma gjeograf\u00ebt, si Jean Gallais, q\u00eb propozuan nj\u00eb klasifikim q\u00eb dallon Saharan\u00eb, e banuar nga t\u00eb bardh\u00ebt, nomad\u00ebt tuareg\u00eb, dhe Bilal \u2013 Sudanit, tok\u00eb e zezak\u00ebve, e bujqve. N\u00eb mes shtrihet nj\u00eb rrip longitudinal q\u00eb shkon nga Dakari i Senegalit deri n\u00eb Xhibuti, n\u00eb bregun lindor t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs. \u00cbsht\u00eb nj\u00eb tok\u00eb tranzitore, ku bashk\u00ebjetojn\u00eb barinjt\u00eb e popullit peul dhe bujqit. Por Saheli hyn n\u00eb radar vet\u00ebm me katastrof\u00ebn humanitare t\u00eb shkaktuar nga that\u00ebsira e madhe e vitit 1973, gjysm\u00eb shekulli m\u00eb par\u00eb\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Le t\u00eb p\u00ebrq\u00ebndrohemi n\u00eb an\u00ebn per\u00ebndimore t\u00eb Sahelit, at\u00eb t\u00eb grushteve t\u00eb shtetit t\u00eb p\u00ebrs\u00ebritura: m\u00eb i fundit n\u00eb Niger…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abAt\u00ebhere duhet t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb nga vitet \u201910 t\u00eb \u20182000. Qeveria algjeriane shtyn drejt jugut formacionet islamiste m\u00eb radikale. N\u00eb vitin 2011 sulmi i francez\u00ebve dhe britanik\u00ebve n\u00eb Libi p\u00ebrmbys Muammar Gheddafi. Spostohen drejt jugut edhe tuareg\u00ebt, q\u00eb qen\u00eb pjes\u00eb e gard\u00ebs pretoriane t\u00eb Gheddafi. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pik\u00eb prodhohet nj\u00eb l\u00ebkundje mbi ekuilibrat paskolonale. Tuareg\u00ebt fusin n\u00eb dor\u00eb rajonin verior t\u00eb Malit, ku konvergjojn\u00eb edhe xhihadist\u00ebt q\u00eb themelojn\u00eb Shtetin Islamik t\u00eb Azawad dhe synojn\u00eb drejt Bamakos, kryeqytetit. N\u00eb vitin 2012, gjeneral\u00ebt vijn\u00eb n\u00eb pushtet me nj\u00eb grusht shteti dhe, sipas nj\u00eb interpretimi akoma t\u00eb dyshimt\u00eb, k\u00ebrkojn\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrjen e Franc\u00ebs p\u00ebr ta ndaluar avancimin xhihadist n\u00eb Mali. Presidenti socialist Fran\u00e7ois Hollande d\u00ebrgon ushtar\u00ebt n\u00eb vitin 2013. Nga aty nis nj\u00eb periudh\u00eb destabiliteti q\u00eb na \u00e7on n\u00eb dit\u00ebt tona\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb nj\u00eb pik\u00eb t\u00eb caktuar, klima politike b\u00ebhet helmues p\u00ebr francez\u00ebt. N\u00eb Mali pasojn\u00eb edhe dy grushte shteti t\u00eb tjera, p\u00ebrkat\u00ebsisht n\u00eb 2020 dhe n\u00eb 2021. Lideri i ri, koloneli Assimi Goita, i p\u00ebrz\u00eb ushtar\u00ebt francez\u00eb. Cila \u00ebsht\u00eb ar\u00ebsyeja e thell\u00eb?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abPrej koh\u00ebsh n\u00eb Mali ishte p\u00ebrhapur ideja se n\u00eb realitet francez\u00ebt donin ta ndanin vendin p\u00ebr ta kontrolluar m\u00eb mir\u00eb. Armata e d\u00ebrguar nga Hollande e ka penguar gjithmon\u00eb ushtrin\u00eb e rregullt maliane t\u00eb shtyhet drejt veriut p\u00ebr t\u00eb mbyllur hesapet sidomos me tuareg\u00ebt. Ka mund\u00ebsi kjo \u00ebsht\u00eb ar\u00ebsyeja e thell\u00eb e jopopullaritetit t\u00eb Franc\u00ebs n\u00eb Sahel: ka perceptuar akoma si nj\u00eb fuqi koloniale q\u00eb d\u00ebshiron t\u00eb ruaj\u00eb influenc\u00ebn e saj, duke ju drejtuar loj\u00ebs dyfishe, n\u00ebse sh\u00ebrben\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Megjithat\u00eb n\u00eb vitin 2017 Emmanuel Macron kishte deklaruar solemnisht se donte ta mbyllte epok\u00ebn e influenc\u00ebs paskoloniale. Shpesh citohet diskutimi p\u00ebr student\u00ebt e Ouagadougou n\u00eb Burkina Faso. Presidenti premton se Franca do t\u00eb kthente veprat e artit afrikane…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abPor ai ishte vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb gaxhet, nj\u00eb gjest i dashur. Sikur Macron t\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb politikan inteligjent do t\u2019i hiqte menj\u00ebher\u00eb mbeturinat e trash\u00ebgimis\u00eb koloniale. Mendoj se n\u00eb fund ushtar\u00ebt francez\u00eb do t\u00eb duhet t\u00eb largohen nga Nigeri. Por Macron mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrb\u00ebj\u00eb \u00e7instalimin e bazave ushtarake edhe n\u00eb vende t\u00eb tjera, por sidomos duhet t\u00eb abrogoj\u00eb CFA, frangun afrikan ende t\u00eb adoptuar n\u00eb 8 shtete t\u00eb Sahelit, duke filluar pik\u00ebrisht nga Nigeri, Senegali, Mali (CFA Uemoa, sh\u00ebnimi im.<\/em>), si edhe n\u00eb 6 shtete t\u00eb Afrik\u00ebs Qendrore (CFA Cemac, sh\u00ebnimi im.<\/em>). Jam gati t\u00eb v\u00eb bast se grindja e radh\u00ebs do t\u00eb shp\u00ebrthej\u00eb mbi frangun afrikan. P\u00ebr ende sa koh\u00eb k\u00ebto qeveri do t\u00eb mund t\u00eb heqin dor\u00eb nga sovraniteti monetar, varen nga nj\u00eb monedh\u00eb franceze e kategoris\u00eb s\u00eb dyt\u00eb?\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Franc\u00ebl strategjia afrikane e Macron kritikohet si nga e djatha, ashtu edhe nga e majta. Teza: qeveria e Parisit \u00ebsht\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb armiku num\u00ebr nj\u00eb n\u00eb Sahel, koka e turkut…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abJam dakord, por \u00ebsht\u00eb rezultati i nj\u00eb rripi t\u00eb gjat\u00eb gabimesh. Le t\u00eb fillojm\u00eb nga presidenti Nicolas Sarkozy, q\u00eb ka destabilizuar Libin\u00eb; pastaj Hollande, q\u00eb ka d\u00ebrguar nj\u00eb ekspedit\u00eb ushtarake ambige; s\u00eb fundi Macron, q\u00eb nuk ka marr\u00eb vendime drastike. Gjith\u00ebsesi, kam menduar p\u00ebr historin\u00eb. Grushti i shtetit n\u00eb Niger sh\u00ebnon fundin e asaj q\u00eb e quajm\u00eb Fran\u00e7afrique<\/em>, hegjemonia politike dhe kulturore franceze, t\u00eb pakt\u00ebn n\u00eb Sahel\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb librin tuaj theksoni se kjo hegjemoni \u00ebsht\u00eb ushqyer edhe nga intelektual\u00eb afrikan\u00eb. Ju citoni shkrimtar\u00eb si Mohamed Mbougar Sarr, fitues i presitigjiozit Prix Goncourt, apo regjisor\u00eb si Abderrahmane Sissako, autor i \u00abTimbuktu\u00bb. Cil\u00ebt do t\u00eb ishin p\u00ebrgjegj\u00ebsit\u00eb e tyre?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abNuk e diskutoj talentin e tyre, ama k\u00ebta dy artist\u00eb v\u00ebrejn\u00eb dhe e p\u00ebrshkruajn\u00eb Sahelin duke adoptuar kategori per\u00ebndimore. Shkruajn\u00eb libra dhe filma p\u00ebr opinionin publik francez apo amerikan. Nga ana tjet\u00ebr, n\u00eb Afrik\u00eb audienca kulturore \u00ebsht\u00eb tejet e reduktuar dhe k\u00ebta shkrimtar\u00eb dhe kineast\u00eb rr\u00ebfejn\u00eb at\u00eb godet m\u00eb shum\u00eb ndjeshm\u00ebrin\u00eb ton\u00eb. P\u00ebr shembull, represionin e homoseksual\u00ebve apo praktikimin e gjymtimeve gjenitale fem\u00ebrore\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ju thoni se vlerat demokratike, t\u00eb liris\u00eb dhe t\u00eb respektimit t\u00eb t\u00eb drejtave individuale nuk jan\u00eb popullore n\u00eb Niger apo n\u00eb Mali?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abJemi p\u00ebrball\u00eb vendesh me popullsi n\u00eb mas\u00ebn 80% – 90% t\u00eb besimit mysliman. Kjo vlen edhe p\u00ebr shtete q\u00eb na duken m\u00eb af\u00ebr, si Senegali. Pastaj, \u00ebsht\u00eb e qart\u00eb, duhet t\u00eb dallohet midis korrenteve t\u00eb ndryshme t\u00eb islamit: sufist\u00ebt jan\u00eb m\u00eb t\u00eb moderuar; salafit\u00ebt m\u00eb radikal\u00eb. Por n\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi vlerat e p\u00ebrhapura midis personave jan\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme nga ato per\u00ebndimore. Po jap vet\u00ebm nj\u00eb shembull: n\u00eb Mali gjymtimet gjenitale fem\u00ebrore nuk jan\u00eb kaq t\u00eb shpeshta, por nuk jan\u00eb as t\u00eb paligjshme. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, ndodhit\u00eb politike e dhjet\u00ebvje\u00e7arit t\u00eb fundit e kan\u00eb zbehur besueshm\u00ebrin\u00eb e sistemeve demokratike. Bile pjesa e madhe e popullsis\u00eb mendon se demokracia nuk \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb gjendje ta mbroj\u00eb shoq\u00ebrin\u00eb nga terrorizmi dhe nga paq\u00ebndrueshm\u00ebria. Ndjenja popullore do regjimin, njeriun e fort\u00eb me pushtete t\u00eb plota\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Kjo do t\u00eb shpjegonte se pse turma po p\u00ebrsh\u00ebndet gjeneralin pu\u00e7ist t\u00eb Nigerit, Abdourahamane Tchiani. Megjithat\u00eb Sarkozy \u00ebsht\u00eb i bindur se grushti i shtetit d\u00eb to d\u00ebshtoj\u00eb…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abBesoj se Sarkozy gabohet. Edhe pse presidenti i rr\u00ebzuar, me t\u00eb drejt\u00eb apo gabim, Mohamed Bazoum konsiderohet nj\u00eb figur\u00eb n\u00eb var\u00ebsit\u00eb e francez\u00ebve\u00bb.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb Niger jan\u00eb edhe amerikan\u00ebt. Si do t\u00eb l\u00ebvizin?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abShtetet e Bashkuara kan\u00eb instaluar n\u00eb Niamey, kryeqytetin e Nigerit, nj\u00eb prej bazave m\u00eb t\u00eb m\u00ebdha t\u00eb dron\u00ebve n\u00eb bot\u00eb. Nuk kan\u00eb q\u00ebllim ta mb\u00ebshtesin nj\u00eb nd\u00ebrhyrje ushtarake, por po negociojn\u00eb me Tchiani. Atyre u intereson vet\u00ebm t\u00eb ruajn\u00eb bazat p\u00ebr t\u00eb kontrolluar dhe kund\u00ebrshtuan terrorizmin xhihadist. Jan\u00eb krejt\u00ebsisht larg nga psikodrama franceze\u00bb.<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpara vdekjes s\u00eb Yevgeny Prigozhin, kreut t\u00eb mercenar\u00ebve t\u00eb Wagner, sekretari amerikan i Shtetit Antony Blinken tha se rus\u00ebt mund t\u00eb p\u00ebrfitonin nga situata…<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abSigurisht, \u00ebsht\u00eb e mundur. Dijm\u00eb se Wagner \u00ebsht\u00eb e pranishme n\u00eb vende t\u00eb ndryshme afrikane, ama nuk duhet t\u00eb imagjinojm\u00eb nj\u00eb projekt strategjik p\u00ebr t\u00eb imponuar nj\u00eb sezon t\u00eb ri kolonizimi t\u00eb udh\u00ebhequr nga Kremlini. Deri m\u00eb tani ushtarak\u00ebt rus\u00eb kan\u00eb vepruar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb shum\u00eb t\u00eb thjesht\u00eb. Sigurojn\u00eb mbrojtjen e regjimit nga armiqt\u00eb e brendsh\u00ebm dhe nga terrorist\u00ebt e huaj, si dhe do t\u00eb paguhen n\u00eb l\u00ebnd\u00eb t\u00eb para, q\u00eb jan\u00eb diamantet apo l\u00ebnda drusore. E gjitha k\u00ebtu\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Nga analiza juaj mund t\u00eb nxirret konkluzini se juntat ushtarake t\u00eb Sahelit do t\u00eb qeverisin n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb autoritare dhe, nj\u00ebkoh\u00ebsisht, oportuniste dhe cinike. Jan\u00eb t\u00eb gatshme t\u00eb negociojn\u00eb me rus\u00eb, amerikane dhe, natyrisht, kinez\u00eb p\u00ebr ta mbajtur pushtetin e tyre.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00abMe t\u00eb gjith\u00eb p\u00ebrve\u00e7 francez\u00ebve dhe shtoj: objektivi i tyre \u00ebsht\u00eb t\u00eb pasurojn\u00eb vet\u00ebveten m\u00eb shum\u00eb sesa vendet e tyre\u00bb.<\/p>\n

(nga La Lettura<\/em>)<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgatiti<\/strong><\/p>\n

ARMIN TIRANA<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

P\u00ebr antropologun Jean \u2013 Loup Amselle kategoria q\u00eb tregon vendet subsahariane \u00ebsht\u00eb nj\u00eb shpikje koloniale. Parisi atje lart ka gabuar gjith\u00e7ka: \u00abDo t\u00eb mbesin amerikan\u00ebt dhe nj\u00eb elit\u00eb oprtuniste, n\u00eb nj\u00eb klim\u00eb armiq\u00ebsore ndaj demokracis\u00eb. Grushti i shtetit n\u00eb Niger e demonstron mir\u00eb\u00bb. Epoka e Fran\u00e7afrique \u00abp\u00ebrfundon tani\u00bb, me grushtin e shtetit t\u00eb fundit n\u00eb …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":54894,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54893","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-kulture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54893","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54893"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54893\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/54894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54893"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54893"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54893"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}