{"id":66024,"date":"2023-12-11T09:31:24","date_gmt":"2023-12-11T09:31:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/?p=66024"},"modified":"2023-12-11T09:31:24","modified_gmt":"2023-12-11T09:31:24","slug":"rus-i-kievit-nje-themelim-skandinav-ne-lindjen-europiane","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/2023\/12\/11\/rus-i-kievit-nje-themelim-skandinav-ne-lindjen-europiane\/","title":{"rendered":"Rus\u2019 i Kievit: Nj\u00eb themelim skandinav n\u00eb Lindjen europiane"},"content":{"rendered":"

Territori i pushtuar sot nga nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e Rusis\u00eb per\u00ebndimore, Bjellorusis\u00eb dhe Ukrain\u00ebs, n\u00eb Mesjet\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb principat\u00eb sovrane me kryeqytet Kievin.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kjo principat\u00eb sllavolindore p\u00ebrb\u00ebn entitetin m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb politik t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt n\u00eb historin\u00eb e tre shteteve sllavolindore moderne: Bjellorusis, Rusis\u00eb dhe Ukrain\u00ebs. Koncepte shum\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, si hyrja e sllav\u00ebve n\u00eb kristianiz\u00ebm, p\u00ebrdorimi i alfabetit cirilik, rregulli dinastik autokratik, kodet e para juridike dhe etnonimin\u00eb \u201cruse\u201d, q\u00eb ne e shoq\u00ebrojm\u00eb plot\u00ebsisht vet\u00ebm me Rusin\u00eb, e gjejn\u00eb k\u00ebtu origjin\u00ebn e tyre. Rus\u2019 i Kievit (i quajtur nga historian\u00ebt edhe Shteti i Kievit, Rutenia paramongole, Principata e Kievit apo akoma Rusia kieviane) kontrollonte nj\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi t\u00eb gj\u00ebr\u00eb gjeografike me rrug\u00ebt e shumta treg\u00ebtare t\u00eb saj (rrug\u00eb t\u00eb lundrueshme nga Deti Balltik n\u00eb Detin Kaspik, duke kaluar n\u00ebp\u00ebr Detin e Zi; rrug\u00eb t\u00eb shumta karvanesh t\u00eb Rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb M\u00ebndafshit, q\u00eb lidhnin Kin\u00ebn me Per\u00ebndimin). Fildish, l\u00ebkura, specie, argjend, produkte ekzotike dhe skllev\u00ebr tranzitonin n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet k\u00ebsaj principate sllavolindore. Gjat\u00eb ekzistenc\u00ebs s\u00eb tij, Rus\u2019 i Kievit ka mbajtur kontakte si treg\u00ebtare, ashtu edhe luftarake me Perandorin\u00eb Bizantine, megjith\u00ebse duke vazhduar t\u00eb luftoj\u00eb kund\u00ebr pushtimeve nga stepa aziatike, p\u00ebrpara se t\u00eb shembej n\u00eb 1240 me ardhjen e mongol\u00ebve.<\/p>\n

Prania e skandinav\u00ebve n\u00eb Lindje gjat\u00eb periudh\u00ebs s\u00eb viking\u00ebve nxjerr pik\u00ebpyetje t\u00eb ndryshme shpesh t\u00eb larg\u00ebta nga problemet q\u00eb u interesojn\u00eb historian\u00ebve q\u00eb studiojn\u00eb viking\u00ebt n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim. N\u00ebse njer\u00ebzit e Veriut, q\u00eb kan\u00eb operuar n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, u detyrohen shum\u00eb klerkik\u00ebve q\u00eb i kan\u00eb paraqitur si barbar\u00eb apo pirat\u00eb, ka mund\u00ebsi ata t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs Lindore mbajn\u00eb \u201cpesh\u00ebn\u201d e at\u00ebsis\u00eb s\u00eb Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit. Kjo p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nyjen e grindjeve historiografike t\u00eb bot\u00ebs shkencore nga fundi i shekullit t\u00eb XIX (normanist\u00eb p\u00ebrball\u00eb antinormanist\u00ebve). Mund t\u00eb pyetet se \u00e7far\u00eb mbetet sot nga kjo kund\u00ebrshti, dekada t\u00eb ndryshme pas r\u00ebnies s\u00eb bllokut sovjetik, edhe n\u00eb vijim t\u00eb qarkullimit t\u00eb lir\u00eb t\u00eb ideve dhe t\u00eb studimeve universitare, p\u00ebrve\u00e7 progresit t\u00eb konsideruesh\u00ebm t\u00eb arkeologjis\u00eb mesjetare. N\u00eb t\u00ebr\u00ebsi, provat arkeologjike, numizmatike dhe tekstuale evidentojn\u00eb qartazi influenc\u00ebn skandinave n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb territor t\u00eb gjer\u00eb sllavolindor, edhe p\u00ebrpara themelimit t\u00eb Shtetit t\u00eb Kievit. Megjithat\u00eb, mbetet pyetja themelore: \u00e7far\u00eb roli kan\u00eb luajtur realisht skandinav\u00ebt n\u00eb procesin e nd\u00ebrtimit t\u00eb principat\u00ebs s\u00eb Kievit?<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrpara ardhjes s\u00eb skandinav\u00ebve dhe t\u00eb sllav\u00ebve n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb Europa veriper\u00ebndimore, midis shekullit t\u00eb VIII e t\u00eb IX, rajoni ishte populluar n\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb t\u00eb pak\u00ebt nga grupe t\u00eb vegj\u00ebl gjuetar\u00ebsh ugro \u2013 finik\u00eb dhe bujqish, ka mund\u00ebsi me origjin\u00eb sllave dhe t\u00eb barinjve me origjin\u00eb turke. Situata e gjetur nga skandinav\u00ebt n\u00eb territoret e gj\u00ebra t\u00eb Lindjes rezultonte ndjesh\u00ebm e ndryshme nga ajo e hasur n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, me shtete karolinge dhe anglo \u2013 saksone n\u00eb zhvillim t\u00eb plot\u00eb. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb optik\u00eb rezulton m\u00eb e matur t\u00eb futet aktiviteti skandinav n\u00eb nj\u00eb model bashk\u00ebpunimi nd\u00ebretnik. N\u00eb fillimet e Mesjet\u00ebs ekzistonin n\u00eb zon\u00eb grupe t\u00eb ndryshme etnike q\u00eb praktikonin strategji mbijetese t\u00eb ndryshme q\u00eb zbuloheshin krejt\u00ebsisht the\u00ebb\u00ebsore n\u00eb zhvillimin e ekonomis\u00eb t\u00eb principat\u00ebs s\u00eb Kievit. Trib\u00f9t\u00eb ugro \u2013 finike e pyjeve t\u00eb veriut t\u00eb rajonit qen\u00eb t\u00eb formuara nga gjuetar\u00eb q\u00eb furnizonin me peli\u00e7e, t\u00eb k\u00ebrkuara n\u00eb tregjet e huaja dhe lokale. Fshatar\u00ebt, t\u00eb emigruara nga tokat pjellore e jugper\u00ebndimit t\u00eb Ukrain\u00ebs aktuale, dispononin teknika bujq\u00ebsore t\u00eb avancuara dhe nj\u00eb p\u00ebrvoj\u00eb administrative t\u00eb tipit tribal. Barinjt\u00eb turq nomad\u00eb, q\u00eb banonin n\u00eb zonat e stepave t\u00eb Rus\u2019, nga ana e tyre kan\u00eb futur taktika luftimi me kal\u00eb n\u00eb popullsin\u00eb sllave. S\u00eb fundi, skandinav\u00ebt kan\u00eb filluar lundrimin n\u00eb distanc\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb, praktikat komerciale dhe nj\u00eb organizat\u00eb ushtarake (k\u00ebtu p\u00ebrfshi arm\u00ebt), q\u00eb kan\u00eb leht\u00ebsuar kontaktet me bot\u00ebn islamike dhe bizantine.<\/p>\n

Duke p\u00ebrdorur intinerare m\u00eb t\u00eb lashta dhe m\u00eb specifike, skandinav\u00ebt kan\u00eb kontribuar n\u00eb themelimin e nj\u00eb sistemi komercial q\u00eb e ka bashkuar k\u00ebt\u00eb territor sllavolindor p\u00ebr her\u00eb t\u00eb par\u00eb n\u00eb historin\u00eb e tij. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb, kombinimi i k\u00ebtyre strategjive t\u00eb ndryshme ekonomike kan\u00eb siguruar kushtet p\u00ebr lindjen e nj\u00eb principate t\u00eb fuqishme mbi nj\u00eb hap\u00ebsir\u00eb t\u00eb gjer\u00eb, shum\u00eb e ndryshme p\u00ebr sa i p\u00ebrket aspekteve gjeografike, klimaterike, etnike, ashtu soi edhe p\u00ebr doket e zakonet. N\u00ebse skandinav\u00ebt kan\u00eb luajtur nj\u00eb rol t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsish\u00ebm n\u00eb krijimin e Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit, ata jan\u00eb b\u00ebr\u00eb pjes\u00eb e nj\u00eb procesi etnokulturor kompleks, n\u00eb t\u00eb cilin grupet e tjera kan\u00eb dh\u00ebn\u00eb kontribute autonome dhe t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme.<\/p>\n

Origjina dhe prania e skandinav\u00ebve n\u00eb Lindje (shekulli i VIII \u2013 IX)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tek Kronika e koh\u00ebrave t\u00eb kaluara<\/em>, vep\u00ebr e hartuar n\u00eb sllavolindor\u00e7en e vjet\u00ebr rreth 1111 nga murgu Nestor i Pecerskas apo i Kievit dhe q\u00eb tregon koh\u00ebrat e para e Shtetit t\u00eb Kievit, periudha kohore q\u00eb shkon nga 862 n\u00eb 1106, zbulohet nj\u00eb legjend\u00eb mbi origjin\u00ebn e pranis\u00eb s\u00eb skandinav\u00ebve n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb pjes\u00eb t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs. Referohet se n\u00eb vitin 856 qytete t\u00eb ndryshme veriore (Novgorod, Beloozero, Isborsk), pasi kan\u00eb refuzuar t\u2019u paguajn\u00eb shp\u00ebrblimin variag\u00ebve, q\u00eb kishin ndar\u00eb zonat e influenc\u00ebs me konkurrent\u00ebt khazar\u00eb dhe skandinav\u00eb t\u00eb rajonit, dhe pasi kishin r\u00ebn\u00eb n\u00eb nj\u00eb anarki t\u00eb v\u00ebrtet\u00eb u desh t\u00eb zgjidhnin p\u00ebr t\u2019ju drejtuar padron\u00ebve t\u00eb vjet\u00ebr: \u00abNga 860 n\u00eb 862 variag\u00ebt kan\u00eb kaluar s\u00ebrish detin; k\u00ebsaj radhe, popujt q\u00eb kishin n\u00ebnshtruar kan\u00eb refuzuar t\u00eb paguajn\u00eb d\u00ebmshp\u00ebrblimin dhe kan\u00eb vendosur t\u00eb vet\u00ebqeverisen; por nuk ekzistonte midis tyre hija e drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb: nj\u00eb familje l\u00ebshohej kund\u00ebr nj\u00eb tjetre dhe kjo rr\u00ebmuj\u00eb fillonte grindje t\u00eb vazhdueshme. Ata masakroheshin midis tyre, aq sa n\u00eb fund than\u00eb: \u201cK\u00ebrkojm\u00eb nj\u00eb princ q\u00eb t\u00eb na qeveris\u00eb dhe q\u00eb t\u00eb na flas\u00eb sipas drejt\u00ebsis\u00eb\u201d. P\u00ebr ta gjetur, sllav\u00ebt kan\u00eb kaluar detin duke shkuar pran\u00eb variag\u00ebve, q\u00eb mbiquheshin variag\u00eb \u2013 rus\u00eb, si\u00e7 t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt mbiquheshin variag\u00eb \u2013 suedez\u00eb, urmanian\u00eb (norman\u00eb), inglien\u00eb dhe t\u00eb tjer\u00ebt got\u00eb. Shiud\u00ebt, sllav\u00ebt, krivi\u00e7\u00ebt dhe popuj t\u00eb tjer\u00eb t\u00eb bashkuar n\u00eb ambasad\u00eb u than\u00eb princave t\u00eb Suedis\u00eb: \u201cVendi yn\u00eb \u00ebsht\u00eb i madh dhe gjith\u00e7ka \u00ebsht\u00eb me boll\u00ebk, pir mungojn\u00eb rendi dhe drejt\u00ebsia; hajdeni na merrni posedimin vet\u00ebm dhe t\u00eb na qeverisni\u201d. Tre v\u00ebllez\u00ebr variag\u00eb mblodh\u00ebn familjet e tyre dhe praktikisht u nis\u00ebn t\u00eb pushtojn\u00eb Sllavonin\u00eb. Ata u afruan k\u00ebshtu pran\u00eb sllav\u00ebve, n\u00eb vendin e t\u00eb cil\u00ebve kan\u00eb nd\u00ebrtuar fshatin Ladoga. M\u00eb madhi i t\u00eb treve, Riuriku, e fiksoi rezidenc\u00ebn e tij n\u00eb bregun e lumit q\u00eb mban k\u00ebt\u00eb em\u00ebr. I dyti, Sineusi, u vendos pran\u00eb nesh, n\u00eb rrethinat e Liqenit t\u00eb Bardh\u00eb. I treti, Truvori, u vendos n\u00eb Isbork. Kjo pjes\u00eb e Rus\u2019 ka marr\u00eb m\u00eb von\u00eb nga variag\u00ebt emrin Novgorod; por banor\u00ebt e k\u00ebsaj qyteze, p\u00ebrpara ardhjes s\u00eb Riurikut, njiheshin vet\u00ebm me emrin sllav\u00eb\u00bb. P\u00ebrfundimisht, kjo Kronik\u00eb e koh\u00ebrave t\u00eb kaluara e murgut Nestor, krijon p\u00ebrshtypjen se \u00ebsht\u00eb konfeksionuar ad hoc<\/em>, pik\u00ebrisht me q\u00ebllimin p\u00ebr t\u2019i dh\u00ebn\u00eb vler\u00eb pranis\u00eb sllave n\u00eb rajon.<\/p>\n

Skandinav\u00ebt n\u00eb burimet historike<\/strong><\/p>\n

Duke ju referuar etimologjis\u00eb mund t\u00eb k\u00ebrkohet t\u00eb kuptohet se qen\u00eb skandinav\u00ebt ata q\u00eb e frekuentonin k\u00ebt\u00eb territor t\u00eb gjer\u00eb. Qysh nga periudha mesjetare, fjala islandeze vaering\u00eb <\/em>(shum\u00ebs: vaeringjar<\/em>), em\u00ebr i p\u00ebkthyer si \u201cvariag\u201d apo \u201cvareg\u201d, cakton nga fillimi nj\u00eb grup njer\u00ebzish t\u00eb lidhur me nj\u00eb besim, p\u00ebr t\u00eb treguar m\u00eb pas me nj\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn fjal\u00eb nk variag apo vareg, dometh\u00ebn\u00eb nj\u00eb skandinav q\u00eb operon n\u00eb rrug\u00ebn e Lindjes (Austrvegr<\/em>). Shprehja do t\u00eb b\u00ebj\u00eb Austrvegun<\/em> tregon n\u00eb burimet historike aktivitetet e pirateris\u00eb dhe t\u00eb treg\u00ebtis\u00eb s\u00eb kryera nga variag\u00ebt n\u00eb lindje t\u00eb Ballaikut, prani vend\u00ebve dhe pran\u00eb Rus\u2019. Do t\u00eb flitet n\u00ebp\u00ebr kronika edhe p\u00ebr austrviking <\/em>si sinonim i vaering\u00ebve<\/em>. Disa vairag\u00eb, q\u00eb i v\u00ebn\u00eb kapacitetet e tyre ushtarake n\u00eb sh\u00ebrbim t\u00eb bazileusit bizantin apo t\u00eb princave t\u00eb Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit, mbajn\u00eb emrin e varang\u00ebve apo \u201cgardian\u00ebve varangiane\u201d (vaeringjaseta<\/em>).<\/p>\n

Vaering (variag) dizajnon nj\u00eb skandinav q\u00eb banon n\u00eb Europ\u00ebn Lindore. N\u00eb disa tekste i nj\u00ebjti term z\u00ebvend\u00ebsohet nga \u201cnjer\u00ebz nga Veriu\u201d (Nor\u00f6menn<\/em>). Dokumenta n\u00eb sllavolindor\u00e7en e vjet\u00ebr e p\u00ebrkthejn\u00eb termin vaering\u00eb me varjag\u00eb<\/em>, ata t\u00eb ardhur q\u00eb t\u00eb mbret\u00ebrojn\u00eb mbi trib\u00f9t\u00eb e veriper\u00ebndimit t\u00eb Rusis\u00eb, nd\u00ebrsa letr\u00ebsia bizantine flet p\u00ebr varangoit<\/em>, duke ia atribuar k\u00ebtij termi nj\u00eb dometh\u00ebnie m\u00eb luftarake sesa termin rhos<\/em>, q\u00eb caktonte pik\u00ebrisht Rus\u2019. Historia e pranis\u00eb s\u00eb variag\u00ebve si mercenar\u00eb dhe truproja t\u00eb drejtuesve rus\u00eb e bizantin\u00eb n\u00eb shekujt e XI e t\u00eb XII shpjegon dallimin q\u00eb kryhet midis Rus\u2019 dhe variag\u00ebve gjat\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebs periudh\u00eb. Etonimi Rus\u2019, i p\u00ebrdorur nga historian\u00ebt t\u00eb caktuar banor\u00ebt e Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit, nuk ekziston nj\u00eb gjuh\u00ebn norvegjeze dhe skandinave. Burimet p\u00ebrdorin termin Gardarikismaor<\/em> (maor<\/em>, nj\u00ebj\u00ebs i menn<\/em>), banor i Gardarikit apo Gardaveldit apo \u201cMbret\u00ebris\u00eb s\u00eb fortifikimeve\u201d. Termi skandinav gardar <\/em>(sllavonishtja gorod<\/em>) i referphet fortesave q\u00eb skandinav\u00ebt apo sllav\u00ebt kan\u00eb ngritur n\u00eb at\u00eb q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhej Rus\u2019 dhe q\u00eb gjenden n\u00eb toponimet norvegjeze H\u00f6lmgardar <\/em>(Novgorod) dhe Kaenugardar <\/em>(Kiev), si dhe n\u00eb titullin e sovranit t\u00eb tyre, q\u00eb mbiquhet Gar\u00f6skonungr <\/em>(Mbret i Rus\u2019). N\u00eb disa burime norvegjeze, Rusia lindore mbiquhet si \u201cSuedia e Madhe\u201d apo \u201cSuedia e ftoht\u00eb\u201d, duke d\u00ebshmuar n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb m\u00ebnyr\u00eb nj\u00eb prani t\u00eb kosiderueshme popullsish\u00eb skandinave n\u00eb k\u00ebto territore.<\/p>\n

N\u00eb territor n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb Austrvegrit<\/strong><\/p>\n

Si p\u00ebr pranin\u00eb e viking\u00ebve n\u00eb Per\u00ebndim, historia e variag\u00ebve n\u00eb Lindje (dhe t\u00eb popullsis\u00eb lokale) rezulton n\u00eb pjes\u00ebn m\u00eb t\u00eb madhe e lidhur me lumenjt\u00eb dhe me sistemet lumore. Territoret sllavolindore paraqesin zona t\u00eb pafundme t\u00eb lagura, q\u00eb b\u00ebjn\u00eb t\u00eb v\u00ebshtira spostimet tok\u00ebsore. N\u00eb rajone t\u00eb shumta, lumenjt\u00eb e m\u00ebdhenj ofronin edhe nj\u00eb mbrojtje ndaj sulmeve, nd\u00ebrsa variag\u00ebt avanconin n\u00eb rrethe armiq\u00ebsore. Mund t\u00eb individualizohen tre rrug\u00eb kryeosre midis \u201cdetit t\u00eb variag\u00ebve\u201d (Balltikut) dhe kalifatit, i ndodhur n\u00eb jugun e Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit: lumenjve Volkhov dhe Lovat, deri n\u00eb Dniep\u00ebr; Vollg\u00ebs, q\u00eb kalon n\u00ebp\u00ebr khanatin e lasht\u00eb bullgar, deri n\u00eb Detin Kaspik dhe lumenjve Vistula e Dvina, q\u00eb n\u00ebp\u00ebrmjet Letonis\u00eb dhe Bjellorusis\u00eb lidhen me Dnieprin n\u00eb rajonin Gnezdovo (Smolensk). P\u00ebrgjat\u00eb k\u00ebtyre lumenjve jan\u00eb zhvilluar, duke filluar nga shekulli i VIII, sheshe treg\u00ebtare dhe qytete, nd\u00ebrsa n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn periudh\u00eb shum\u00eb qytete t\u00eb tjera jan\u00eb ngritur p\u00ebrreth Detit Balltik, si Wolin, Hedeby, Grobina e Birka. Me fjal\u00eb t\u00eb tjera, qytetet e para t\u00eb k\u00ebtij territori t\u00eb gjer\u00eb futen n\u00eb nj\u00eb tendenc\u00eb t\u00eb p\u00ebrgjithshme zhvillimi t\u00eb rrjeteve urbane, si pasoj\u00eb e shk\u00ebmbimeve komerciale gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb t\u00eb zgjeruara. Thelb\u00ebsorja e dijeve tona mbi rrug\u00ebn reale e p\u00ebrballuar nga variag\u00ebt drejt Detit t\u00eb Zi rrjedh nga burime bizantine dhe sidomos nga nj\u00eb manual politik i redaktuar nga perandori Konstandin i VII Porfirogjenet nga mesi i shekullit t\u00eb X. De administrando Imperio<\/em> (Lidhur me administrimin e perandoris\u00eb) \u00ebsht\u00eb emri latinisht i p\u00ebrdorur r\u00ebndom p\u00ebr ta p\u00ebraktuar k\u00ebt\u00eb vep\u00ebr t\u00eb shkruar n\u00eb greqishte t\u00eb lasht\u00eb rreth 950 nga bazileusi bizantin. I kompozuar n\u00eb favor t\u00eb perandorit t\u00eb ardhsh\u00ebm Roman i II (939 \u2013 963), ky manual p\u00ebrb\u00ebn nj\u00eb ekspozim gjeografik dhe historik t\u00eb etnive q\u00eb popullojn\u00eb apo rrethojn\u00eb perandorin\u00eb, t\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnieve q\u00eb konvenion t\u00eb mbahen me t\u00eb nj\u00ebjtat dhe me procedurat diplomatike apo ushtarake t\u00eb gatshme q\u00eb t\u00eb prodhonin rezultate.<\/p>\n

Udh\u00ebtimet e rrezikshme t\u00eb nd\u00ebrmarra nga skandinav\u00ebt mbi Dniep\u00ebr \u00e7do muaj qershor pas shkrirjes s\u00eb akujve, p\u00ebrshkruhen me gjall\u00ebri t\u00eb madhe, sidomos kur lexohet se ata transportonin anijet mbi shpatulla n\u00ebp\u00ebr nj\u00eb seri prej shtat\u00eb rr\u00ebpirash dhe luftonin sulmet e grabitqar\u00ebve lokale. Edhe n\u00eb burimet greke, rr\u00ebpirat mbajn\u00eb emra t\u00eb njohur skandinav\u00eb: Aifur<\/em>, emri i atribuar nj\u00ebr\u00ebs nga rr\u00ebpirat e Dnieprit n\u00eb dokumentimin grek, gjendet n\u00eb gurin p\u00ebrkujtues t\u00eb Pilgardit n\u00eb ishullin Gotlandit n\u00eb Suedi. Guri, i ngritur rreth vitit 900 n\u00eb kujtim t\u00eb nj\u00eb njeri me emrin Hrafn nga ana e kat\u00ebr v\u00ebllez\u00ebrve t\u00eb tij q\u00eb e kishin shoq\u00ebruar n\u00eb nj\u00eb ekspedit\u00eb drejt Lindjes, tregon se ata kan\u00eb p\u00ebrshkuar nj\u00eb rrug\u00eb t\u00eb gjat\u00eb deri n\u00eb Aifur. N\u00eb Suedi, gdhendje t\u00eb shumta runike i referohen rrug\u00ebs lumore drejt Bizantit, nga \u201cvariag\u00ebt tek grek\u00ebt\u201d. \u00cbsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb homazh t\u00eb njer\u00ebzve si Spialbodi<\/em> (i vdekur n\u00eb Novgorod) apo Rognvaldr<\/em> (kreu i nj\u00eb kontigjenti njer\u00ebzish n\u00eb Greqi) q\u00eb ekspansioni i variag\u00ebve n\u00eb Lindje ka gjetur nj\u00eb jehon\u00eb n\u00eb monumentet e tij q\u00eb u kan\u00eb rezistuar koh\u00ebve. N\u00ebse disa skandinav\u00eb kan\u00eb udh\u00ebtuar n\u00eb jug t\u00eb Staraja Ladogas n\u00eb Rusi, deri n\u00eb Detin e Zi, t\u00eb tjer\u00eb jan\u00eb impenjuar n\u00eb nj\u00eb rrug\u00ebtim edhe m\u00eb t\u00eb larg\u00ebt n\u00eb Lindje, n\u00eb mesin e territorit t\u00eb khanatit bullgar t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs (republikat aktuale t\u00eb Tatarstanit dhe t\u00eb \u00c7iuvashis\u00eb), pran\u00eb nomad\u00ebve khazar\u00eb (n\u00eb Kaukaz) dhe s\u00eb fundmi drejt shket\u00ebtir\u00ebs s\u00eb Arabis\u00eb dhe rrethimit t\u00eb kalifatit abasid t\u00eb Bagdadit. P\u00ebrve\u00e7 infrastrukturave rreth liqenit Ladoga, variag\u00ebt kan\u00eb lundruar n\u00eb uj\u00ebrat e sip\u00ebrme t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs, duke kaluar kolonit\u00eb e Beloozero, Jaroslav, Vladimir, Riazan, Muriom, ku mbetje t\u00eb shumta skandinave jan\u00eb rizbuluar fal\u00eb g\u00ebrmimeve arkeologjike.<\/p>\n

Vollga, q\u00eb sh\u00ebnon nj\u00eb kthes\u00eb t\u00eb madhe n\u00eb Bolgar (af\u00ebr me Kazanin n\u00eb Tatarstan) dhe vazhdon n\u00eb jug drejt Detit Kaspik, sh\u00ebnonte ekstremitetin per\u00ebndimor t\u00eb Rrug\u00ebs s\u00eb M\u00ebndafshit, rrug\u00ebs komerciale tok\u00ebsore q\u00eb kalonte qendrat protourbane t\u00eb Samarkand\u00ebs dhe Tashkentit (Yzbekistani aktual), deri n\u00eb Kin\u00eb. Fshati i fortifikuar Bolgar, n\u00eb qend\u00ebr t\u00eb khanatit vullgar t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs, p\u00ebrb\u00ebnte nj\u00eb mozaik t\u00eb madh t\u00eb trib\u00f9ve bullgare. Ka mund\u00ebsi \u00ebsht\u00eb n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb vend ku variag\u00ebt kan\u00eb takuar karvanet q\u00eb p\u00ebrshkonin Rrug\u00ebn e M\u00ebndafshit. Stof\u00ebra kineze jan\u00eb gjetur n\u00eb varrezat e Birkas, ashtu si nj\u00eb figur\u00eb e Bud\u00ebs n\u00eb Helg\u00f6, jo larg nga Birka. Disa arkeolog\u00eb kan\u00eb hipotezuar k\u00ebshtu se variag\u00eb kan\u00eb mundur t\u00eb vazhdojn\u00eb udh\u00ebtimet e tyre n\u00eb Rrug\u00ebn e M\u00ebndafshit, deri n\u00eb oborrin e perandorit kinez, n\u00eb mos deri n\u00eb Indi. \u00cbsht\u00eb pik\u00ebrisht n\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb an\u00eb t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs q\u00eb skandinav\u00ebt kan\u00eb vendosur n\u00eb 922 nj\u00eb kontakt me emisarin e kalifatit t\u00eb Bagdadit, t\u00eb famshmin Ahmad Ibn Fadlan, q\u00eb n\u00eb arabisht mbiquhen Rusiyyah<\/em> apo Rus<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb politik\u00eb asimilimi <\/strong><\/p>\n

Pas ftes\u00ebs gjysm\u00eblegjendare t\u00eb variage nga ana e krer\u00ebve t\u00eb trib\u00f9ve sllavolindore nga mesi i shekullit t\u00eb IX, Rus\u2019 i p\u00ebrket plot\u00ebsisht ekumenit t\u00eb viking\u00ebve. Skandinavi Riurik b\u00ebhet princ i Novgorodit (862 \u2013 879) dhe themelon dinastin\u00eb e Riurikid\u00ebve, q\u00eb do t\u00eb zgjas\u00eb gjat\u00eb gjith\u00eb periudh\u00ebs mesjetare. N\u00eb k\u00ebt\u00eb epok\u00eb, qendrat e pushtetit t\u00eb k\u00ebtij territori t\u00eb gjer\u00eb spostohen progresivisht nga Staraia Ladoga, b\u00eb veriu\u00a0 e rajoneve n\u00eb dominimin e Novgorodit e t\u00eb Kievit. K\u00ebto dy qendra urbane, at\u00ebbot\u00eb rivale, bashkohen n\u00eb tutel\u00ebn e djemve t\u00eb Riurikut, Oleg (Helgi n\u00eb skandinavisht) t\u00eb Novgorodit, m\u00eb pas t\u00eb Kievit, q\u00eb e anekson Kievin (882) dhe e b\u00ebn kryeqytetin e Rus\u2019. Deri n\u00eb fillimet e shekullit t\u00eb XI aristokrat\u00ebt e Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit mbajn\u00eb marr\u00ebdh\u00ebnie t\u00eb ngushta me Skandinavin\u00eb, megjith\u00ebse duke u asimiluar n\u00eb kulturat lokale. Emrat skandinav\u00eb fillojn\u00eb t\u00eb ngjyrosen me sllavishten: Helgi b\u00ebhet Oleg, Helga b\u00ebhet Olga (945 \u2013 964), deri tek Valdemarri i Madh apo Vladimiri i I i Kievit (958 \u2013 1015), q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhet princi Vladimir. Identiteti skandinav ruhet kryesisht fal\u00eb aleancave martesore t\u00eb aristokracis\u00eb s\u00eb Rus\u2019 dhe fluksit t\u00eb vazhduesh\u00ebm t\u00eb variag\u00ebve q\u00eb qarkullojn\u00eb n\u00eb territor, n\u00eb rrug\u00ebt variage drejt Bizantit p\u00ebr ar\u00ebsye t\u00eb treg\u00ebtis\u00eb. Sagat e shekullit t\u00eb XIII, t\u00eb hartuara n\u00eb Irland\u00ebn e larg\u00ebt, do t\u00eb g\u00ebzojn\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsin\u00eb e Valdemarr gamli<\/em>, \u201cPlakut\u201d, kush\u00ebri i af\u00ebrt i sovran\u00ebve skandinav\u00eb, q\u00eb do t\u00eb jet\u00eb princi i par\u00eb i Kievit i rrethuar nga nj\u00eb gard\u00eb variage.<\/p>\n

Nj\u00eb politik\u00eb pushtimesh<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u00eb fundin e shekullit t\u00eb X, aristokracit\u00eb do t\u00eb influencohen gjithnj\u00eb e m\u00eb shum\u00eb nga kultura bizantine dhe, n\u00ebn drejtimin e princit Valdemarr, konvertohen n\u00eb kristianizmin greko ortodoks n\u00eb 988. N\u00eb kund\u00ebrshtim me krer\u00ebt e tjer\u00eb skandinav\u00eb q\u00eb n\u00eb t\u00eb nj\u00ebjt\u00ebn epok\u00eb kan\u00eb pranuar pag\u00ebzimin p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur shk\u00ebmbimet me vendet e kristianizmit, \u201cfornicator maximus<\/em>\u201d adopton fen\u00eb bizantine p\u00ebr t\u00eb ruajtur interesat ushtarake me fqinj\u00ebt e tij. N\u00ebse politika e jashtme e Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit rezulton ambivalente kundrejt Konstandinopoj\u00ebs dhe shkon n\u00eb konflikte t\u00eb shumta, t\u00eb dy fuqit\u00eb shpesh formojn\u00eb nj\u00eb aleanc\u00eb kund\u00ebr fqinj\u00ebve luftarake t\u00eb Verilindjes (khazar\u00eb, pe\u00e7eneg\u00eb, maxhar\u00eb dhe bullgar\u00eb t\u00eb Vollg\u00ebs) dhe kalifatin e fuqish\u00ebm t\u00eb Bagdadit n\u00eb jug. Ve\u00e7 k\u00ebsaj, nga aleanca ushtarake me bizantin\u00ebt, Rus\u2019 i Kievit kishte synime mbi tregjet bizantine e arabe dhe l\u00ebshohej rregullisht n\u00eb ekspedita n\u00eb Detin Kaspik.<\/p>\n

Konkluzion <\/strong><\/p>\n

Arkeologjia i ka v\u00ebrtetuar rr\u00ebfimet mesjetare mbi rolin e luajtur nga skandinav\u00ebt n\u00eb kuadrin e territorit sllavolindor, i populluar nga nj\u00eb mozaik trib\u00f9sh\u00eb. Duke ndjekur rrug\u00ebn e Lindjes dhe duke dominuar rrug\u00ebt lumore, variag\u00ebt, me origjin\u00eb nga Suedia, menaxhonin nj\u00eb treg\u00ebti q\u00eb i \u00e7onte nga Balltiku n\u00eb tokat e grek\u00ebrve bizantin\u00eb dhe n\u00eb Kalifatin e Bagdadit, duke nd\u00ebrvepruar me trib\u00f9t\u00eb e shumta sllavolindore. Skandinav\u00ebt kan\u00eb marr\u00eb pjes\u00eb n\u00eb zhvillimin e perandorive t\u00eb m\u00ebdha komerciale dhe, p\u00ebr pasoj\u00eb, t\u00eb atyre q\u00eb do t\u00eb b\u00ebhen Rusia (Staraia Ladoga apo Aldeigjuborg<\/em>), Bjellorusia (Novgorod apo H\u00f6lmgardar<\/em>) dhe Ukraina (Kiev apo Kaenugardar<\/em>). K\u00ebto pole treg\u00ebtare kryesore dhe vende takimi popujsh gjenden n\u00eb nj\u00eb seri sistemesh t\u00eb gjata lumore t\u00eb ludrueshme q\u00eb lidhun veriun e Balltikut me Konstandinopoj\u00ebn apo me rajonin e Kaspikut. Duke themeluar dinastin\u00eb e Riurikid\u00ebve, q\u00eb do ta dominoj\u00eb Rus\u2019 e Kievit, variag\u00ebt b\u00ebhen \u201cRus\u2019\u201d dhe asimilojn\u00eb aristokracit\u00eb sllave p\u00ebr t\u2019i dh\u00ebn\u00eb jet\u00eb nj\u00eb fuqie t\u00eb r\u00ebnd\u00ebsishme politike dhe komerciale. Si aleat, ashtu edhe si rival i Konstandinopoj\u00ebs, principata e Kievit do t\u00eb p\u00ebrfaq\u00ebsoj\u00eb nj\u00eb gur ky\u00e7 n\u00eb gjeopolitik\u00ebn e k\u00ebsaj pjese t\u00eb Europ\u00ebs, midis Lindjes, Lindjes s\u00eb Largme dhe Per\u00ebndimit. Duke p\u00ebrfituar nga agjitacionet dinastike dhe nj\u00eb dob\u00ebsi e caktuar e principat\u00ebs n\u00eb fillimet e shekullit t\u00eb XIII, mongol\u00ebt do t\u2019i japin fund Rus\u2019 t\u00eb Kievit, duke marr\u00eb kontrollin e territoreve t\u00eb lashta n\u00ebn dominimin e Rus\u2019.<\/p>\n

(nga La Storia in Rete<\/em>)<\/p>\n

P\u00ebrgatiti<\/strong><\/p>\n

ARMIN TIRANA<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Territori i pushtuar sot nga nj\u00eb pjes\u00eb e Rusis\u00eb per\u00ebndimore, Bjellorusis\u00eb dhe Ukrain\u00ebs, n\u00eb Mesjet\u00eb ishte nj\u00eb principat\u00eb sovrane me kryeqytet Kievin. Kjo principat\u00eb sllavolindore p\u00ebrb\u00ebn entitetin m\u00eb t\u00eb lasht\u00eb politik t\u00eb p\u00ebrbashk\u00ebt n\u00eb historin\u00eb e tre shteteve sllavolindore moderne: Bjellorusis, Rusis\u00eb dhe Ukrain\u00ebs. Koncepte shum\u00eb t\u00eb ndryshme, si hyrja e sllav\u00ebve n\u00eb kristianiz\u00ebm, p\u00ebrdorimi …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":66025,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[42],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-66024","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-kulture"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66024","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=66024"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/66024\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/66025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=66024"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=66024"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/rdnews.al\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=66024"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}